1960s

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Timeline: 1960s

Years: 1960 - 1969	Subject: History, Contemporary History (post 1945)
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191735707

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Year	Event
1960	UK prime minister Harold Macmillan, in Cape Town, warns the white settlers of Africa that 'the wind of change' is blowing through their continent See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa British prime ministers - from 1830 Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Rulers and politicians French Cameroun becomes independent as the republic of Cameroun, with Ahmadou Ahidjo as the first president Go to Cameroon in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires US film director Jules Dassin makes Never on Sunday, starring the Greek actress Melina Mercouri Go to Mercouri, Melina (1925–1994) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States Kenneth Kaunda is elected president of UNIP, a new party fighting for an independent Northern Rhodesia Go to Kaunda, Kenneth David (1924– ) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires South African police fire on a crowd in Sharpeville, near Johannesburg, killing more than sixty people Go to Sharpeville Massacre (21 Mar. 1960) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Persecution and repression Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) French choreographer Maurice Béjart is the first director of Belgium's new Ballet of the 20th Century Go to Ballet of the 20th Century in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance Europe Belgium French Togo becomes independent as the republic of Togo, with Sylvanus Olympio as president Go to Togo in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires A Liverpool group of musicians call themselves Long John & the Silver Beatles – a name soon shortened to something more memorable Go to Beatles, The in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Italian firm director Michelangelo Antonioni makes L'Avventura, with Monica Vitti in the leading role Go to Antonioni, Michelangelo (1912– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Europe Italy Guatemala is terrorized by government-linked death squads and emergent guerrilla groups Go to Guatemala in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Latin America Central America Soviet forces shoot down a US high-altitude U-2 spy plane and capture the pilot, Gary Powers Go to Powers, Gary in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War Cold war Europe Russia Wars since 1900 North America United States EFTA (European Free Trade Association) brings together the European nations outside the EEC Go to EFTA in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Commerce and industry Society Cyprus becomes an independent nation, free of British colonial rule, with Archbishop Makarios as president Go to Cyprus in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, discovered in Buenos Aires, is kidnapped by Israeli agents Go to Eichmann, Adolf (1906–62) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Latin America Argentina Brazil South America US jazz saxophonist John Coltrane forms his own 'hard bop' group Go to Coltrane, John William (1926–1967) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music North America United States 20-year-old Spanish tenor Placido Domingo sings his first major role, as Alfredo in La Traviata in the Mexican city of Monterrey Go to Domingo, Placido (1941– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Opera Europe Spain Latin America Central America Mexico The Colossus is US author Sylvia Plath's first collection of poems Go to Plath, Sylvia (1932–63) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Poetry North America United States Italian film director Federico Fellini makes La Dolce Vita, an episodic study of life along the Via Veneto in Rome Go to Fellini, Federico (1920–1993) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Europe Italy The Brazilian government moves to Brasilia, into public buildings designed by Oscar Niemeyer Go to Brasília in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Architecture American architecture Latin America Brazil South America French Sudan becomes independent as the republic of Mali, with Modibo Keita as president Go to Mali in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Madagascar becomes independent (under the name Malagasy republic from till 1975), with Philibert Tsiranana as president Go to Madagascar in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires The Quiet Revolution in Quebec begins with the election of Jean Lesage and the Liberals Go to Quiet Revolution in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent North America Canada Flower, Fist and Bestial Wail is the first of many collections of poems by US poet Charles Bukowski Go to Bukowski, Charles (1920–1994) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Poetry North America United States The birth control pill wins FDA approval in the US and goes on sale Go to Birth Control and Family Planning. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Medicine Social and domestic Society North America United States English poet John Betjeman publishes his long autobiographical poem Summoned by Bells Go to Summoned by Bells in The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Poetry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Irish author Edna O'Brien publishes her first novel, The Country Girls Go to O'Brien, Edna (1932– ) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature Fiction British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Jean-Luc Godard directs his first feature film, A Bout de Souffle ('Breathless'), a classic of French New Wave cinema Go to Godard, Jean-Luc (1930– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Europe France Patrice Lumumba becomes prime minister of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo, previously the Belgian Congo Go to Lumumba, Patrice Emergy (b. 2 July 1925) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires The South West Africa People's Organization is founded to fight against South African control of Namibia Go to South West Africa People's Organization in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires British and Italian colonies merge as the independent Somali republic, also known as Somalia, with Aden Abdullah Osman as president Go to Somalia in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires Moise Tshombe, taking advantage of chaos in the Congo, declares the independence of Katanga Go to Tshombe, Moise (1920–69) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Africa Central Africa East Africa US author Harper Lee publishes her first and only novel, To Kill a Mockingbird Go to Lee, Harper (1926– ) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States Anti-European riots in the Congo cause some 25,000 Belgians to flee the country Go to Congo crisis (1960–65) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Social and domestic European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Society Empires Sirimavo Bandaranaike, widow of the assassinated Solomon Bandaranaike, begins the first of three long spells as prime minister of Sri Lanka Go to Bandaranaike, Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias (1916–2000) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Sri Lanka Nelson Mandela leads a new armed section of the ANC (African National Congress), formed in response to Sharpeville Go to Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla (1918) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) The French colony of Dahomey (known from 1975 as Benin) becomes independent but suffers six military coups in its first twelve years Go to Benin in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Niger becomes independent, with Hamani Diori as the new nation's first president Go to Niger in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Germany Empires Kenyatta, still in prison, is elected leader of KANU, a new political party in Kenya Go to Kenya in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires The French colony of Upper Volta becomes independent as Burkina Faso, with Maurice Yaméogo as president Go to Burkina Faso in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires The pamphlet Control or Colour Bar? demands reform of White Australia policy Go to Immigration Reform Group in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Social and domestic Australia and Oceania Society Australia Félix Houphouët-Boigny, first president of the newly independent Ivory Coast, begins thirty-three years of relatively peaceful rule Go to Ivory Coast in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires Alfred Hitchcock directs Janet Leigh and Anthony Perkins in Psycho Go to Hitchcock, Sir Alfred (1899–1980) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States The English revue Beyond the Fringe has its premiere at the Edinburgh Festival Go to Beyond The Fringe in Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Theatre Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The French colony of Chad becomes independent with François Tombalbaye as president Go to Chad in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires Neo-Pentecostalism, also known as Charismatic Renewal, becomes an important element within many Christian denominations Go to Charismatic Renewal Movement in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Religion Christianity US novelist John Barth publishes The Sot-Weed Factor, a picaresque life of Edmund Cook set on a family tobacco plantation in Maryland Go to Sot-Weed Factor, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Poetry North America United States The French colony of Gabon becomes independent with Léon M'ba as president Go to Gabon in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires The French colony of Ubangi-Shari becomes independent and takes the name Central African Republic Go to Central African Republic in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires The French Congo becomes independent as the republic of Congo, with Fulbert Youlou as president Go to Congo, Republic of the in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires Mobutu Sese Seko takes power in a military coup in the midst of chaos in the Congo Go to Mobutu, Sese Seko (1930–97) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa Central Africa East Africa Paul Scofield plays Thomas More in Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons Go to Man for All Seasons, A in The Oxford Dictionary of Plays (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Theatre Literature English literature Literature in English Drama Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The French colony of Senegal becomes independent, with Léopold Senghor as the new nation's first president Go to Senegal in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Nigeria wins independence, with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as prime minister, but its stability is threatened by tribal and regional factions Go to Nigeria in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires Patrice Lumumba, the dismissed prime minister of the Congo, is arrested on the orders of the army chief of staff, Mobutu Sese Seko Go to Mobutu, Sese Soko (1930–1997) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa Central Africa East Africa British artist Anthony Caro begins welding and painting abstract metal sculpture Go to Caro, Sir Anthony (8 Mar. 1924) in The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Arts Sculpture British art Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The French colony of Mauritania becomes independent, with Moktar Ould Daddah as president Go to Mauritania in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires US author John Updike begins to chart the fictional progress of Harry Angstrom, known as Rabbit, in Rabbit, Run Go to Ballou, Adin (1803–90) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States Keith Holyoake begins twelve unbroken years as New Zealand's prime minister Go to Holyoake, Sir Keith Jacka (1904–1983) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Australia and Oceania New Zealand Albert Luthuli, president of the ANC in South Africa, is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Go to Luthuli, Albert John (c. 1898–1967) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Democrat candidate John F. Kennedy defeats Republican Richard Nixon in the US presidential election Go to Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (b. 29 May 1917) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States The Vietcong, or NLF, is formed as a guerrilla force to liberate South Vietnam from the US-backed government Go to Vietcong in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Communism War US presidents Cold war Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Penguin Books are prosecuted for obscenity for publishing D.H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover, and are acquitted Go to Lady Chatterley's Lover in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain British artist Bridget Riley creates patterns that produce unexpected optical effects, in a style that becomes known as op art Go to Riley, Bridget (24 Apr. 1931) in The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Arts Painting British painting British art Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain
1961	President Kennedy appoints his younger brother Robert to the position of US attorney-general Go to Kennedy, Robert Francis (b. 20 Nov) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States Patrice Lumumba is sent to Katanga, where he is murdered Go to Lumumba, Patrice (2 July 1925) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires Political activist Jane Jacobs publishes an influential polemic, The Death and Life of Great American Cities Go to Jacobs, Jane Butzner (1916–2006) in A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Politics North America United States Hassan II begins a 38-year reign as the king of Morocco Go to Hassan II (b. 9 July 1929) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa President Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps, enabling US volunteers to work abroad Go to Peace Corps in The Oxford Guide to the United States Government (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Social and domestic US presidents Society Rulers and politicians North America United States Atmosphères, by the Hungarian composer György Ligeti, achieves a mysterious blend of sound in what he calls 'micropolyphony' Go to Ligeti, György Sándor (1923– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Europe Hungary J.D. Salinger publishes Franny and Zooey, the second of his collections of stories about the Glass family Go to Barefoot Boy, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States The trial of Adolf Eichmann begins in an Israeli court in Jerusalem, with TV cameras permitted to broadcast the event live around the world Go to Eichmann, Karl Adolf (b. 19 Mar. 1906) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to travel in space, orbiting the earth once in Vostok 1 Go to Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934–68) in A Dictionary of Space Exploration (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Astronomy and space Europe Russia Former British colony Sierra Leone becomes an independent state within the Commonwealth Go to Sierra Leone in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires British author Roald Dahl publishes a novel for children, James and the Giant Peach Go to Dahl, Roald (1916–1990) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain An invasion force of about 1500 Cuban exiles comes ashore in Cuba's Bay of Pigs in an attempt to topple the Castro regime Go to Bay of Pigs (April 1961) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean Cuba Two days after landing in the Bay of Pigs, 114 Cuban exiles are dead and about 1300 have been captured Go to Bay of Pigs (April 1961) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean Cuba Joshua Nkomo founds ZAPU, the Zimbabwe African People's Union, in the British colony of Southern Rhodesia Go to Nkomo, Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo (b. 17 June 1917) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Empires Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti makes his operatic debut in Reggio Emilia, as Rodolfo in La Bohème Go to Pavarotti, Luciano (1935–2007) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Opera Europe Italy US astronaut Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space, with a suborbital flight in Freedom 7 Go to Shepard, Alan Bartlett (1923–98) in A Dictionary of Space Exploration (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Astronomy and space North America United States Arthur Miller writes the screenplay for The Misfits for his wife, Marilyn Monroe Go to Miller, Arthur (1915–2005) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States Caribbean novelist V.S. Naipaul features his Trinidad family in A House for Mr Biswas Go to House for Mr Biswas, A in The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature Fiction Latin America Caribbean Two French generals, Raoul Salan and Edmond Jouhaud, form the OAS (Organisation de l'Armée Secrète) to preserve French rule in Algeria Go to Organisation de l'Armée Secrète in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Empires Rafael Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic for the past 30 years, is killed by a machine-gun attack on his car Go to Trujillo, Rafael Leónidas (24 Oct. 1891) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Latin America Caribbean Commonwealth opposition to apartheid causes South Africa to leave the organization and become a republic Go to South Africa, Republic of in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) US author Joseph Heller publishes his first novel, Catch-22, set in the last months of World War II Go to Catch-22 in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States British choreographer John Cranko becomes director of the Stuttgart Ballet Go to Cranko, John (15 Aug. 1927) in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance Germany The drug Thalidomide, synthesized in West Germany, is shown to have been the cause of severe defects in about 12,000 children born in 46 countries Go to thalidomide in The Oxford Companion to the Body (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Chemistry Medicine Germany Russian dancer Rudolf Nureyev defects from the Kirov company at Le Bourget airport and seeks political asylum in France Go to Nureyev, Rudolf Hametovich (1939–1993) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance Europe France Russia Syria withdraws from the United Arab Republic (UAR) seeing it as unacceptably dominated by Egypt Go to United Arab Republic in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria President Kennedy commits the US to placing a man on the moon and bringing him back safely by 1970 Go to Kennedy, John F. (1917–63) in A Dictionary of Space Exploration (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Astronomy and space US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States The novelist Ernest Hemingway kills himself with a shotgun in his log cabin in Idaho Go to Hemingway, Ernest Miller (1898–1961) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English North America United States Nelson Mandela and the ANC adopt guerrilla tactics against the apartheid regime in South Africa Go to ANC in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) In Babi Yar the dissident Soviet poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko tackles the subject of Russian anti-Semitism Go to Babi Yar in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature Poetry Europe Russia Polish composer Witold Lutoslawski uses 'aleatory counterpoint' in his Venetian Games Go to Lutosławski, Witold (1913) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Europe Poland Britain formally tables an application to join the European Economic Community Go to European Economic Community in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Europe Britain The East German government erects the Berlin Wall to prevent an exodus of its citizens Go to Berlin Wall in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Terrorism and assassination War Cold war Germany Wars since 1900 French film director François Truffaut makes Jules et Jim, starring Jeanne Moreau and Oskar Werner Go to Truffaut, François (1932–1984) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Europe France The UN secretary general, Dag Hammarskjöld, dies in a plane crash while trying to secure peace in Katanga Go to Hammarskjöld, Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl (1905–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa Central Africa East Africa Largely under the influence of Tito, a summit is held by nations eager to be non-aligned in the Cold War Go to Tito, Josip (b. 25 May 1892) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics War Cold war Europe Wars since 1900 Latin America The southern part of the British Cameroons votes to merge with Cameroun, becoming the federal republic of Cameroon Go to Cameroon in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires Rudolf Nureyev makes his first appearance in a western company, dancing in The Sleeping Beauty for the Marquis de Cuevas Go to Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance Europe France Tanganyika becomes an independent nation with Julius Nyerere as prime minister Go to Tanzania in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires British novelist Muriel Spark publishes The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, set in an Edinburgh school in the 1930s Go to Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain
1962	Sean Connery creates on screen the role of 007 in the first James Bond film, Dr No Go to Connery, Sean (1930– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Andy Warhol creates a stir when his paintings of Campbell's soup cans are exhibited at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles Go to Warhol, Andy (1928–87) in A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Arts Painting American painting American art North America United States General Ne Win seizes power in a coup in Burma and establishes a single-party isolationist dictatorship Go to Ne Win (b. 14 May 1911) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Frelimo emerges as a Marxist guerrilla group dedicated to winning independence for Mozambique Go to FRELIMO in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa South Africa Europe Empires US singer Bob Dylan writes one of his best-known songs, Blowin' in the Wind (included in his 1963 album The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan) Go to Dylan, Bob (1941– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music North America United States James Baldwin's third novel Another Country explores the conflicts in the life of a young unemployed black musician Go to Baldwin, James (1924–1987) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Poetry North America United States Sam Walton opens the first Wal-Mart Discount store, in Rogers, Arkansas Go to Walton, Sam (1918–1992) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Commerce and industry Society North America United States President de Gaulle makes a surprise appointment, selecting the little-known Georges Pompidou to be the French premier Go to Pompidou, Georges Jean Raymond (1911–1974) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Europe France The Rolling Stones, led by Mick Jagger, give their first performance as a group, in London's Marquee Club Go to Rolling Stones in Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain US choreographer Glen Tetley creates a ballet to the music of Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire Go to Tetley, Glen (3 Feb. 1926) in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance North America United States General Ne Win seizes power in Burma, beginning decades of brutal military rule Go to Ne Win (b. 14 May 1911) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Coventry's new cathedral is inaugurated, enhanced by a wide range of work by leading British artists Go to Coventry in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Architecture British architecture Painting British painting Sculpture Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain A great tapestry by Graham Sutherland hangs above the altar in the newly consecrated Coventry cathedral Go to Sutherland, Graham (24 Aug. 1903) in The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Arts British art Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain John Ashbery's radical collection The Tennis Court Oath includes poems composed of sliced up fragments Go to Ashbery, John (1927–) in The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Poetry North America United States Benjamin Britten's War Requiem, setting poems by Wilfred Owen, is first performed in the rebuilt Coventry Cathedral Go to War Requiem in The Oxford Companion to Music (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Literature English literature Literature in English Poetry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The Eritrean parliament votes to merge fully with Ethiopia, ending Eritrean autonomy Go to Eritrea in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa East Africa Ethiopia Adolf Eichmann, convicted in Israel for his role in the Holocaust, is hanged in Tel Aviv Go to Eichmann, Karl Adolf (b. 19 Mar. 1906) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel The Reivers, the last of William Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha novels, is published just a month before his death Go to Reivers, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States British author Doris Lessing publishes an influential feminist novel, The Golden Notebook Go to Golden Notebook, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain In a series of informal meetings, Harold Macmillan tries to persuade Charles de Gaulle that Britain should join the EEC Go to European Economic Community in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Europe France Britain Students for a Democratic Society publish in Michigan The Port Huron Statement, a seminal text of the New Left Go to New Left. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent North America United States Bette Davis and Joan Crawford star in Whatever Happened to Baby Jane Go to Davis, Bette (1908–1989) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States British dancer Peggy van Praagh is appointed the first director of the newly formed Australian Ballet Go to Australian Ballet in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance Australia and Oceania Australia Ian Smith's white supremacist party, the Rhodesian Front, wins power in Rhodesia's election Go to Smith, Ian Douglas (1919–2007) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Empires A peaceful demonstration at Rangoon university is dispersed by gunfire, resulting in the death of dozens of students Go to Myanmar in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century A massive yes vote in a referendum is immediately followed by French recognition of Algerian independence Go to Algeria in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Empires US golfer Jack Nicklaus turns professional and in the same year wins the first of four US Open titles Go to Nicklaus, Jack William (1940– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Society North America United States Harold Macmillan dismisses a third of his cabinet, including his chancellor, in what becomes known as 'the night of the long knives' Go to Macmillan, Harold (1894–1986) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Europe Britain Foreign visits to Burma are restricted to three days (extended in the next decade to one week) Go to Myanmar in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Marilyn Monroe dies in Los Angeles from an overdose of sleeping pills Go to Monroe, Marilyn (1926–1962) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States The veteran left-wing politician Victor Haya is elected president of Peru but is thwarted by a coup led by General Ricardo Godoy Go to Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl (22 Feb. 1895) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Latin America Peru South America David Lean directs Peter O'Toole in the title role of the film Lawrence of Arabia Go to O'Toole, Peter (1932) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Ruhollah Khomeini, a leading ayatollah in Qom, denounces the Shah of Iran and declares a fatwa against his regime Go to Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah (1900–1989) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Religion Islam Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) 17-year-old English cellist Jacqueline du Pré creates a stir playing Elgar's concerto in the Royal Festival Hall Go to du Pré, Jacqueline (1945–1987) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Khrushchev permits publication of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's first book, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, in the literary journal Novy Mir Go to One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich in The Oxford Companion to the Book (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Europe Russia The Trans-Canada Highway is completed, stretching some 5000 miles across the continent Go to Trans-Canada Highway in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Travel and transport Technology Engineering Society North America Canada The Sandinistas emerge as a guerrilla group in opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua Go to Sandinista in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Latin America Central America The former British colony of Uganda becomes an independent republic, with Milton Obote as prime minister Go to Uganda in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican begins, 94 years after the start of the First Vatican Council under Pius IX Go to Vatican Council, Second (1962–5) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Religion Christianity Europe Italy US intelligence reveals nuclear missile bases under construction in Cuba, causing an international crisis Go to Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism War Weapons US presidents Cold war Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States President Kennedy sends the US navy to prevent delivery of Soviet missiles to Cuba Go to Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism War US presidents Cold war Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States British author P.D. James's first novel, Cover Her Face, introduces her poet detective Adam Dalgleish Go to James, P. D. (1920– ) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain US dramatist Edward Albee's play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? opens on Broadway Go to Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf in The Oxford Dictionary of Plays (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Theatre Literature American literature Literature in English Drama North America United States A deal between President Kennedy and Soviet premier Khrushchev defuses the Cuban missile crisis Go to Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism War Weapons US presidents Cold war Europe Russia Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States Finnish-born US architect Eero Saarinen completes his TWA terminal for New York's Kennedy airport Go to Saarinen, Eero (1910–61) in A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Architecture American architecture Finland North America United States In Pale Fire Vladimir Nabokov tells his story through an editor's annotations to a poem Go to Pale Fire in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States British Grand Prix driver Graham Hill wins the first of two world championship titles Go to Hill, (Norman) Graham (1929–1975) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain China prevails in a five-week war with India over disputed boundaries Go to Indo‐Chinese War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War Asia East Asia China South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Fidel Castro releases, for $53 million in food and medicine, the Cuban exiles taken prisoner in the Bay of Pigs fiasco Go to Bay of Pigs (April 1961) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean Cuba Dmitry Shostakovich's Thirteenth Symphony sets poems from Yevtushenko's Babi Yar I Go to Babi‐Yar in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Europe Russia In The Gutenberg Galaxy Canadian author Marshall McLuhan develops the concept of the 'global village' Go to McLuhan, Marshall (1911–1980) in Dictionary of the Social Sciences (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Social and domestic Society North America Canada Anthony Burgess publishes A Clockwork Orange, a novel depicting a disturbing and violent near-future Go to Clockwork Orange, A in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain British surgeon John Charnley pioneers the technique of joint replacement, giving a patient a new hip in a small hospital in Wrightington Go to Charnley, Sir John (1911–1982) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Medicine Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain
1963	US poet Sylvia Plath publishes under a pseudonym her only novel, The Bell Jar Go to Bell Jar, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States French president Charles de Gaulle vetoes Britain's application to join the European Economic Community Go to European Economic Community in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Europe France A military coup in Syria brings the Ba'th party to power Go to Syria in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria US poet Sylvia Plath commits suicide in London Go to Plath, Sylvia (1932–1963) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature English literature Literature in English Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain North America United States Moise Tshombe's rebel regime in Katanga crumbles, and he flees to Spain Go to Tshombe, Moise-Kapenda (1919–1969) in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Africa Central Africa East Africa English author John Le Carré publishes a Cold-War thriller The Spy Who Came in from the Cold Go to Le Carré, John (1931– ) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain British choreographer Frederick Ashton creates Marguerite and Armand for Margot Fonteyn and her new partner, Rudolf Nureyev Go to Marguerite and Armand in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Gideon v. Wainwright establishes that every defendant in a US court has the right to be represented by a lawyer Go to Gideon v. Wainwright, 326 U.s. 335 (1963) in The Oxford Companion to American Law (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century North America United States Mary McCarthy's novel The Group follows the subsequent adventures of eight fellow graduates from Vassar Go to McCarthy, Mary (1912–89) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States A scandal involving the minister of war, John Profumo, damages the Macmillan government in Britain Go to Profumo Affair in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Social and domestic Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Liberal leader Lester Pearson begins five years at the head of minority governments in Canada Go to Pearson, Lester Bowles (b. 23 Apr. 1897) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics North America Canada US environmentist Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, an impassioned warning of ecological disaster Go to Carson, Rachel (1907–1964) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Science Life sciences North America United States Pope John XXIII dies, only a few month's after the start of the great Vatican council that he has summoned Go to John XXIII (1881–1963) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Religion Christianity Papacy Europe Italy John Profumo resigns from his cabinet position after admitting that he had lied to the House of Commons about his relationship with Christine Keeler Go to Profumo Affair in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Europe Britain Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space, flying solo in Vostok 6 Go to Tereshkova, Valentina Vladimirovna (1937– ) in A Dictionary of Space Exploration (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Astronomy and space Europe Russia Young British architects Norman Foster and Richard Rogers work together as Team 4 Go to Foster of Thames Bank, Norman Robert, The Lord (1935– ) in A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Architecture British architecture Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The OAU (Organization of African Unity) is founded in Addis Ababa to give Africa a united voice in world affairs Go to African Union in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Ethiopia Europe Empires US author and illustrator Maurice Sendak publishes a fantasy for young children, Where the Wild Things Are Go to Where the Wild Things Are (1963) in The Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States Italian cardinal Giovanni Montini is elected pope and takes the name Paul VI Go to Paul VI (1897–1978) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Religion Christianity Papacy Europe Italy British diplomat Kim Philby defects to the USSR and is discovered to have been a Soviet spy Go to Philby, Kim (1912–1988) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Cold war Europe Russia Wars since 1900 Britain Ayatollah Khomeini is arrested in Qom, and imprisoned for eight months in Tehran, after instigating riots against the Shah Go to Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah (1900–1989) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Religion Islam Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) President Kennedy, in divided Berlin, makes the dramatic declaration: Ich bin ein Berliner ('I am a Berliner') See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics War US presidents Cold war Germany Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States Terence O'Neill succeeds Basil Brooke (Lord Brookeborough) as Northern Ireland's prime minister Go to O'Neill, Terence Marne, Lord O'Neill of the Maine (b. 10 Sept. 1914) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Northern Ireland British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Saloth Sar, changing his name to Pol Pot, begins to build up the Cambodian Communist party and Khmer Rouge Go to Pol Pot (b. 19 May 1928) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Protest and rebellion War Cold war Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Wars since 1900 English author Margaret Drabble publishes her first novel, A Summer Birdcage Go to Drabble, Dame Margaret (1939– ) in The Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The Partial Test Ban Treaty, signed by the USA, USSR and UK, is the first of many international attempts to limit the threat of nuclear war Go to Limited Test Ban Treaty in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles US presidents Cold war Europe Russia Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Britain North America United States Robert Mugabe and Ndabaningi Sithole split from ZAPU to found ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Go to ZANU in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Empires In The Feminine Mystique US feminist Betty Friedan challenges the stereotypical view of woman's role Go to Friedan, Betty (1921–2006) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Social and domestic Society North America United States Ninette de Valois, founder of the Royal Ballet, retires after building the company to international stature Go to Valois, (Dame) Ninette de (6 Jun. 1898) in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Bob Marley and five others form a band, the Wailers, that will for the first time give Jamaican music a global following Go to Marley Bob in Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Latin America Caribbean A massive civil rights march in Washington 'for Jobs and Freedom' wins the support of President Kennedy Go to March on Washington in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States 'I have a dream' says Martin Luther King to 200,000 civil rights demonstrators in Washington See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion North America United States Australian tennis players Margaret Court and Ken Fletcher achieve the grand slam in mixed doubles Go to Court, Margaret (1942– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Australia and Oceania Society Australia Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah form the Federation of Malaysia Go to Malaysia in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Sexual intercourse begins in this year, according to Philip Larkin's 1974 poem Annus Mirabilis Go to Larkin, Philip (1922–85) in The Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Poetry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Andy Warhol moves into films with Sleep, showing a man asleep for six hours Go to Warhol, Andy (1930–1987) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States Konrad Adenauer resigns after 14 years as Chancellor of West Germany and is succeeded by his economics minister, Ludwig Erhard Go to Erhard, Ludwig (4 Feb. 1897) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Germany Macmillan resigns on grounds of ill health and is succeeded by Alec Douglas-Home as UK premier Go to Home, Sir Alec Douglas‐Home, 14th earl of (1903–95) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Scottish Grand Prix driver Jim Clark wins the first of his two Formula One titles Go to Clark, Jim (1936–1968) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Scotland British Isles Europe Society Britain The Tupamaros are formed as an urban guerrilla group in Uruguay Go to Tupamaros in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Latin America South America President Kennedy is shot in a motorcade driving through downtown Dallas, in Texas Go to Kennedy, John F. (1917–63) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States On the death of John F. Kennedy, Vice-president Lyndon Johnson succeeds him as president of the USA Go to Johnson, Lyndon B(aines) (1908–1973) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States Chief suspect Lee Harvey Oswald is shot by night-club owner Jack Ruby just two days after the assassination of President Kennedy Go to Oswald, Lee Harvey (1939–1963) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States An invasion of Rwanda by Tutsi guerrillas prompts the first major Hutu massacre of Tutsis Go to Rwanda in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Africa East Africa Zanzibar becomes an independent nation and a member of the Commonwealth Go to Zanzibar in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires Kenya becomes independent, with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister Go to Kenya in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is dissolved, as the three colonies go their separate ways Go to Central African Federation in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Empires
1964	Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras meet in Jerusalem, in the first such meeting since 1438 Go to Athenagoras (1886–1972) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Christianity Catholic and orthodox Papacy Jerusalem Palestine and Israel British film stars Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor marry Go to Burton, Richard (1925–1984) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Anthony Dowell and Antoinette Sibley begin a famous partnership in Ashton's The Dream Go to Dowell, (Sir) Anthony (16 Feb. 1943) in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Senior officers in Brazil seize power, alleging the threat of an imminent communist takeover Go to Brazil in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Latin America Brazil South America Ian Smith, now prime minister of Rhodesia, arrests leading black politicians Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe Go to Smith, Ian Douglas (1919–2007) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Empires Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge as the United Republic of Tanzania Go to Nkomo, Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo (b. 17 June 1917) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires Cassius Clay (later Muhammad Ali) becomes world heavyweight champion for the first time, defeating Sonny Liston Go to Ali, Muhammad (1942– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Society North America United States Louis Leakey and his team discover in the Olduvai Gorge the first known specimen of the species Homo Habilis, named for its supposed tool-making abilities Go to Homo habilis in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Roald Dahl publishes a fantasy treat for a starving child, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Go to Dahl, Roald (1916–1990) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain US physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discover cosmic background radiation, lending strong support to the Big Bang theory Go to Penzias, Arno Allan (1933–) in A Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Physics North America United States US poet John Berryman's 77 Dream Songs introduce Henry, his alter ego Go to Berryman, John (1914–72) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Poetry North America United States Papa Doc Duvalier, ruling through the brutal Tontons Macoutes, makes himself president of Haiti for life Go to Duvalier, François (1907–71) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Persecution and repression Latin America Caribbean The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded at a congress in East Jerusalem, then part of Jordan Go to Palestine Liberation Organization in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Jerusalem Egypt Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Robert Lowell's For the Union Dead takes its title from the last poem, about modern disregard for a Civil War monument Go to For the Union Dead in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Poetry North America United States Sergio Leone directs A Fistful of Dollars, the first of his three 'spaghetti westerns' starring Clint Eastwood Go to Leone, Sergio (1921–89) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Europe Italy Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life imprisonment and is sent to a gaol on Robben Island Go to Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla (b. 18 July 1918) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) In a match at the Oval, England cricketer Freddie Trueman becomes the first bowler to take 300 Test wickets Go to Trueman, Freddie (1931– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Fiddler on the Roof, based on a novel by Sholom Aleichem, opens on Broadway with Zero Mostel playing Tevye the Milkman Go to Fiddler on the Roof in The Oxford Companion to the American Musical (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Theatre North America United States President Johnson pushes through a Civil Rights Act against strong Senate opposition Go to Civil Rights Acts in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States English author A.S. Byatt publishes her first novel, Shadow of a Sun Go to Byatt, A. S. (1936– ) in The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The Beijing ballet company goes political with The Red Detachment of Women, supervised by Mao Zedong's wife, Jiang Qing Go to Red Detachment of Women, The in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance Asia East Asia China Hastings Banda is prime minister of the newly independent nation of Malawi, formerly Nyasaland Go to Malawi in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires A reported incident in the Gulf of Tonkin triggers US intervention against North Vietnam, in a significant step towards the Vietnam War Go to Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War US presidents Cold war Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States Two men are hanged in Britain, in the last use of capital punishment before its abolition in 1965 Go to capital punishment in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The Beatles reach number one in both the UK and the US with their single 'Can't Buy Me Love' Go to Beatles, The in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Peter Sellers plays three different roles in Stanley Kubrick's film Dr Strangelove, or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Go to Sellers, Peter (1925–80) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States New Zealand poet Fleur Adcock publishes her first collection, The Eye of the Hurricane Go to Adcock, Fleur (1934–) in The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Poetry Australia and Oceania New Zealand US author Joyce Carol Oates publishes her first novel, With Shuddering Fall Go to Oates, Joyce Carol (1938– ) in The Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States US author Saul Bellow publishes Herzog, a novel featuring a professor of history who is a compulsive sender of messages Go to Herzog in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States Martin Luther King wins the Nobel Peace Prize for leading non-violent resistance to racial discrimination in the USA Go to King, Jr, Martin Luther (1929–1968) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics North America United States Nikita Khrushchev is forced from office as Soviet leader by a conservative faction that includes Leonid Brezhnev Go to Brezhnev, Leonid Ilich (1906–1982) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Europe Russia The USSR enters a brief period of coalition leadership by Alexei Kosygin as prime minister and Leonid Brezhnev as Party First Secretary Go to Kosygin, Aleksei Nikolaevich (1904–1980) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Europe Russia Harold Wilson becomes prime minister after Labour narrowly wins the UK general election Go to Wilson, Harold, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx (b. 11 Mar. 1916) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Kenneth Kaunda becomes president of the independent republic of Zambia, previously Northern Rhodesia Go to Zambia in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires Ayatollah Khomeini, exiled by the shah from Iran, moves first to Turkey and then makes his base in Iraq Go to Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah (1900–1989) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) The Second Vatican Council issues a decree recognizing the legitimacy and apostolic origins of many of the beliefs and practices of the Greek Orthodox church Go to Vatican Council, Second (1962–5) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Christianity Catholic and orthodox Italy Lyndon B. Johnson is elected US president in his own right, winning decisively against Republican Barry Goldwater Go to Johnson, Lyndon B. (1908–1973) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, linking Brooklyn and Staten Island, is the world's longest suspension bridge with a main span of 4260 feet (1298m) Go to Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Technology Engineering North America United States A military junta seizes power in Bolivia, ending the 12-year left-wing regime of Paz Estenssoro Go to Bolivia in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America South America Canadian author Marshall McLuhan declares, in Understanding Media, that 'the medium is the message' Go to McLuhan, Marshall (1911–1980) in Dictionary of the Social Sciences (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English North America Canada The immediate introduction of comprehensive schools in Britain, in place of grammar schools, is Labour party policy Go to comprehensive school in A Dictionary of Education (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Surgeons Michael Bakey in the USA and Vasilii Kolesov in the USSR pioneer coronary bypass surgery, using the patient's mammary artery Go to cardiothoracic surgery in The Oxford Companion to Medicine (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Medicine Europe Russia North America United States
1965	A royal proclamation formally establishes the new national flag of Canada Go to national flag in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics North America Canada US President Lyndon Johnson launches a regular bombing campaign against North Vietnam Go to Vietnam War in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War US presidents Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Rulers and politicians North America United States Margot Fonteyn and Rudolf Nureyev dance together in the premiere of Kenneth MacMillan's Romeo and Juliet Go to Romeo and Juliet in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Winston Churchill dies, and lies in state in London's ancient Westminster Hall Go to Westminster hall in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain David Lean directs Omar Sharif and Julie Christie in a film of Pasternak's Dr Zhivago Go to Dr Zhivago in The Oxford Companion to the Book (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The General Assembly of the UN asks Argentina and Britain to enter negotiations on their long-running dispute over the Falklands Go to Falklands War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles European empires from 1415 British prime ministers - from 1830 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Britain Latin America Argentina South America The Gambia becomes an independent member of the Commonwealth, with Dawda Jawara as prime minister Go to Gambia in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires Black activist and convert to Islam Malcolm X is assassinated when giving a speech in the Audubon Ballroom in New York Go to Malcolm X (1925–1965) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam North America United States George Grant publishes an influential political tract, Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism Go to Grant, George (1919–88) in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics North America Canada The Vietnam War enters a new dimension with the deployment of US ground troops in the country Go to Vietnam War in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War US presidents Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Rulers and politicians North America United States Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov is the first to walk in space, moving round outside the Voshkod 2 spacecraft for more than ten minutes Go to Leonov, Aleksei Arkhipovich (1934– ) in A Dictionary of Space Exploration (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Astronomy and space Europe Russia The first communications satellite, Early Bird, is launched from Cape Canaveral Go to Early Bird in A Dictionary of Space Exploration (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Technology Communication North America United States Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras preside over simultaneous ceremonies, in Rome and Istanbul, revoking the mutual excommunications of 1054 Go to Athenagoras (1886–1972) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Christianity Catholic and orthodox Papacy Rome Italy US marines intervene in civil war in the Dominican Republic to prevent a communist takeover Go to Dominican Republic in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean North America United States Woody Allen makes his screen debut with What's New Pussycat? Go to Allen, Woody (1935– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States Neil Simon's play The Odd Couple is produced in New York Go to Odd Couple, The in The Oxford Dictionary of Plays (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Theatre Literature American literature Literature in English Drama North America United States Australia sends a first contingent of 1500 troops to fight in Vietnam Go to Vietnam War in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Australia and Oceania Australia Ralph Nader begins a long career in consumer protection with Unsafe at Any Speed, attacking the US automobile industry Go to Nader, Ralph (1934) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Social and domestic Society North America United States 18-year-old Dutch footballer Johann Cruyff joins Ajax, the club with which he will be associated in numerous successes Go to Cruyff, Johann (1947– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Europe Netherlands Society 18-year-old Austrian body-builder Arnold Schwarzenegger becomes Junior Mr Europe (on his way to Mr World and Mr Universe) Go to Schwarzenegger, Arnold (1947– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts North America United States Singapore leaves the Federation of Malaysia to become again an independent state Go to Singapore in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Defence minister Houari Boumédienne leads a coup to oust President Ben Bella in Algeria Go to Boumédienne, Houari (b. 23 Aug. 1927) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa North Africa Ferdinand Marcos wins a landslide victory in the Philippines presidential election Go to Marcos, Ferdinand Edralin (b. 11 Sept. 1917) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Student demonstrations against Ne Win's rule become regular occurrences, suppressed with military violence Go to Ne Win (1911–2002) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Terence O'Neill and Séan Lemass, prime ministers of Northern Ireland and Ireland, have two unprecedented meetings Go to Lemass, Sean Francis (15 Dec. 1899) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Northern Ireland British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Maria Callas gives her last performance, as Tosca at Covent Garden in London Go to Callas, Maria (1923–1977) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Opera Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Greece Britain An exhibition in New York, 'The Responsive Eye', puts op art on the map Go to Op art in The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Arts Painting American painting American art North America United States President Johnson introduces affirmative action as a legislative policy to redress social inequalities Go to affirmative action in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Social and domestic US presidents Society Rulers and politicians North America United States Zahir Shah allows the first elections in his kingdom of Afghanistan Go to Afghanistan in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia Central Asia Afghanistan US choreographer Robert Joffrey founds a new company that becomes known (from 1977) as the Joffrey Ballet Go to Joffrey, Robert (24 Dec. 1930) in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Dance North America United States US author Randall Jarrell's poem The Lost World provides the title for his last published book Go to Jarrell, Randall (1914–65) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Poetry North America United States Stanley Matthews plays his last game for Stoke City after 34 years as a professional football player Go to Matthews, Sir Stanley (1915–2000) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Riots break out in the Watts area of Los Angeles Go to race riots, Los Angeles in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Social and domestic Society North America United States After a summer of border skirmishes in Pakistan, an Indian advance towards Lahore initiates full-scale war between the two countries Go to Indo-Pakistan Conflict in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Pakistan A UN-sponsored cease-fire brings the second Indo-Pakistan war to an end after less than three weeks Go to Indo-Pakistan Conflict in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Pakistan Karaoke (abbreviated from the Japanese for 'empty orchestra') evolves in Japan Go to karaoke noun in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Asia East Asia Japan Based on interviews given to Alex Haley in 1964, a life of Malcolm X is published soon after his assassination Go to Haley, Alex (1921–) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English North America United States Mobutu stages his second coup in the Congo and this time takes power as president Go to Mobutu, Sese Soko (1930–1997) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa Central Africa East Africa Footballer Franz Beckenbauer plays his first international for West Germany Go to Beckenbauer, Franz (1945– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Germany Society Ian Smith makes a unilateral declaration of Rhodesia's independence Go to Rhodesia in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Empires German performance artist Joseph Beuys walks round a gallery demonstrating How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare Go to Beuys, Joseph (12 May 1921) in The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Arts Germany The Second Vatican Council ends, having made some radical changes in the ritual and attitudes of the Roman Catholic church Go to Vatican Council, Second (1962–5) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Religion Christianity Europe Italy
1966	Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, becomes India's prime minister as leader of the Congress party Go to Gandhi, Indira (b. 19 Nov. 1917) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Robert Menzies retires as Australian prime minister and is succeeded by Harold Holt Go to Holt, Harold (1908–1967) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Australia and Oceania Australia The Soviet spacecraft Luna 9 is the first to achieve a soft-landing on the moon and to send back photographic data from the surface Go to Luna in A Dictionary of Astronomy (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Astronomy and space Europe Russia Kwame Nkrumah, the founding father of Ghana, is toppled in a coup while away on a state visit to China Go to Nkrumah, Kwame (c. 1909–1972) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa West Africa Jean-Bedel Bokassa takes power in a coup in the Central African Republic Go to Bokassa, Jean Bédel (b. 22 Feb. 1921) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa Central Africa East Africa Scientists at the US Geological Survey develop the theory of plate tectonics as the explanation of continental drift Go to plate tectonics in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science North America United States Real-life husband and wife Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor star as the married couple in the film of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Go to Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf in The Oxford Dictionary of Plays (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States Austrian author Peter Handke provokes interest with his first play Offending the Audience Go to Offending the Audience in The Oxford Dictionary of Plays (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Theatre Literature Drama Austria The Soviet spacecraft Luna 10 orbits the moon and broadcasts the Internationale to the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party Go to Luna in A Dictionary of Astronomy (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Communism Science Astronomy and space Europe Russia Suharto forces the Indonesian president, Achmed Sukarno, to hand over to him all executive powers Go to Suharto, Mohamed (1921–2008) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Joaquin Balaguer, a close associate of Trujillo, is elected president of the Dominican Republic Go to Balaguer, Joaquín (14 July 2002) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Latin America Caribbean British actor Michael Caine makes his name starring in two outstanding films within the year, Alfie and The Ipcress File Go to Caine, Michael (1933– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain English novelist Paul Scott publishes The Jewel in the Crown, the first volume in his 'Raj Quartet' Go to Raj Quartet, The in The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Scotland British Isles Europe Britain Leonid Brezhnev, taking the title General Secretary (last used by Stalin), makes it plain that he is the Soviet leader Go to Brezhnev, Leonid Ilich (1906–1982) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Europe Russia NATO headquarters moves to Brussels after de Gaulle expels all NATO personnel from French soil Go to NATO in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Europe Belgium France Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, leader of the Awami League, demands full autonomy for East Pakistan (Bangladesh) Go to Mujibur Rahman, Sheikh (b. 1920) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Plaid Cymru sends its first MP to Westminster when Gwynfor Evans wins a Carmarthen by-election Go to Plaid Cymru in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Wales British Isles Europe Britain Irish poet Seamus Heaney wins critical acclaim for Death of a Naturalist, his first volume containing more than a few poems Go to Heaney, Seamus Justin (1939– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Poetry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Northern Ireland British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Communist leaders Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping are attacked in China's Cultural Revolution as the biggest and worst 'capitalist roaders' Go to Cultural Revolution in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Persecution and repression Terrorism and assassination Asia East Asia China British fashion designer Mary Quant launches the miniskirt Go to Quant, Mary (1934– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Arts Decorative arts Social and domestic Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain The US tennis player Billie Jean King wins the first of six Wimbledon singles titles Go to King, Billie Jean (1943– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain North America United States After a long period of obscurity, Wide Sargasso Sea brings novelist Jean Rhys back into the literary limelight Go to Rhys, Jean (1894–1979) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, by Tom Stoppard, is produced at the Edinburgh Festival Go to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Theatre Literature English literature Literature in English Drama Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi, joins the fight for Angolan independence Go to Angola in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics War European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa South Africa Europe Empires Construction work begins on the twin towers for the World Trade Center in New York, designed by US architect Minoru Yamasaki Go to Yamasaki, Minoru (1912–86) in A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Architecture American architecture North America United States Alf Ramsey (manager) and Bobby Moore (captain) lead the England football team to victory in the World Cup Go to Ramsey, Sir Alf(red) (1922–1999) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Mao Zedong unleashes China's teenagers as violent Red Guards to spearhead his Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Go to Red Guards in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Persecution and repression Asia East Asia China Prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd is stabbed to death in the South African parliament Go to Verwoerd, Hendrik Frensch (1901–66) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Gurindji people at the Wave Hill station walk out in protest, launching the Aboriginal land rights movement in Australia Go to Aboriginal land rights in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Australia and Oceania Australia The Whale, a cantata by English composer John Tavener, has its premiere at the inaugural concert of the London Sinfonietta Go to Tavener, John Kenneth (1944– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The Black Panther Party is founded in Oakland, California, to launch a more aggressive campaign for civil rights Go to Black Panthers in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion North America United States Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong, better known as the 'Little Red Book', is the constant companion of every Red Guard Go to Mao Zhuxi Yulu in The Oxford Companion to the Book (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia East Asia China 116 children die when a sliding slag heap buries a primary school in the Welsh village of Aberfan Go to Aberfan disaster in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Wales British Isles Europe Britain US author Susan Sontag publishes her first collection of essays, Against Interpretation Go to Sontag, Susan (1933–2004) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English North America United States Former chief Seretse Khama becomes the first president of an independent Botswana Go to Khama, Sir Seretse (1921–80) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires Che Guevara arrives in Bolivia in the hope of fomenting a left-wing revolution Go to Guevara (de la Serna), Che (1928–1967) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Protest and rebellion War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America South America
1967	Mike Nicholls directs Anne Bancroft and Dustin Hoffman in the film The Graduate Go to Graduate, The in Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States Flann O'Brien's novel The Third Policeman has a great success when published posthumously Go to Third Policeman, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature Fiction British Isles Europe Ireland Britain US poet Anne Sexton publishes Live or Die, a collection containing a poem to her dead friend Sylvia Plath Go to Sexton, Anne (1928–74) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Poetry North America United States A coup in Greece brings in an incompetent and repressive military junta that becomes known as the 'Greek colonels' Go to Greek colonels in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Europe Greece Luis Buñuel directs Catherine Deneuve in Belle de Jour, a film about a bored housewife who takes a day job as a prostitute Go to Buñuel, Luis (1900–1983) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Europe Spain A Bigger Splash, by English painter David Hockney, casts a new light on sunlit swimming pools Go to Hockney, David (1937– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Arts Painting British painting British art Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The Ibo of eastern Nigeria claim independence for their region – as the republic of Biafra Go to Biafra in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Africa West Africa Germany Canada mounts the world exhibition Expo 67 as the centrepiece of its centennial celebrations Go to Expo 67 in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Social and domestic Society North America Canada The US pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal is a geodesic dome by the architect Buckminster Fuller Go to geodesic dome in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Architecture American architecture North America Canada United States English yachtsman Francis Chichester completes a record round-the-world voyage, sailing 29,600 miles solo in 226 days Go to Chichester, Sir Francis Charles (1901–1972) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez publishes a classic of magic realism, One Hundred Years of Solitude Go to García Márquez, Gabriel (1928– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Fiction Latin America South America A pre-emptive air strike by Israel destroys almost all Egypt's aircraft and launches the Six-Day War Go to Six Day War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Israel captures the Gaza Strip and Sinai peninsula from Egypt Go to Six Day War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Israel captures East Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan Go to Six Day War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Israel captures the Golan Heights from Syria in the Six-Day War Go to Six Day War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Palestine and Israel British research student Jocelyn Bell and her Cambridge supervisor Antony Hewish identify the first known pulsar Go to Bell Burnell, (Susan) Jocelyn (1943–) in A Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Astronomy and space Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Thurgood Marshall, appointed by President Johnson, becomes the first African American member of the US Supreme Court Go to Marshall, John Thurgood (b. 2 July 1908) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century North America United States Pope Paul VI visits the Patriarch Athenagoras in Istanbul, shocking some Catholics that this visit has preceded one by the Patriarch to Rome Go to Paul VI (21 June 1963–6 Aug. 1978) in A Dictionary of Popes (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Christianity Catholic and orthodox Papacy President de Gaulle, visiting Montreal for Expo 67, proclaims Vive le Quebec libre ('Long Live Free Quebec') Go to Quebec Liberation Front in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion North America Canada British composers Harrison Birtwistle and Peter Maxwell Davies found the Pierrot Players Go to Pierrot Players in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Congress passes a Freedom of Information Act, giving the public an important new right in the USA Go to Freedom of Information Act (1966) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Social and domestic Society North America United States Cuban revolutionary Che Guevara is captured and executed in Bolivia Go to Guevara (de la Serna), Che (1928–1967) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Protest and rebellion War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America South America Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty star in the film Bonnie and Clyde Go to Bonnie and Clyde in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States English author Angela Carter wins recognition with her quirky second novel, The Magic Toyshop Go to Carter, Angela (1940–92) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain English playwright Alan Ayckbourn has his first success with Relatively Speaking Go to Ayckbourn, Sir Alan (1939– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Theatre Literature English literature Literature in English Drama Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Three young Liverpool poets publish a shared anthology under the title The Mersey Sound Go to McGough, Roger (1937– ) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Poetry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras issue a joint declaration, emphasizing mutual respect for each other's traditions Go to Paul VI (21 June 1963–6 Aug. 1978) in A Dictionary of Popes (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Christianity Catholic and orthodox Papacy Italy A Day in the Death of Joe Egg, by English dramatist Peter Nichols, has its premiere in London Go to Day in the Death of Joe Egg, A in The Oxford Dictionary of Plays (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Theatre Literature English literature Literature in English Drama Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain US author William Styron's novel The Confessions of Nat Turner describes a historical slave revolt in 1831 Go to Confessions of Nat Turner, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States English cellist Jacqueline du Pré marries Israeli pianist Daniel Barenboim Go to du Pré, Jacqueline (1945–1987) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Europe Britain Nicolae Ceauşescu becomes president of the State Council of Romania Go to Ceausescu, Nicolae (b. 26 Jan. 1918) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Europe Wars since 1900 South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard, in Cape Town, transplants the heart of a young woman into a 55-year-old grocer, Louis Washkansky Go to Barnard, Christiaan Neethling (1922–2001) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Medicine Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) The Beatles release an immensely successful album, Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, with a cover by British pop-artist Peter Blake Go to Beatles - Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band in Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Australian prime minister Harold Holt swims in heavy surf near Portsea, south of Melbourne, and is never seen again Go to Holt, Harold (1908–1967) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Australia and Oceania Australia
1968	Alexander Dubcek becomes first secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist party, following pressure for reform from party intellectuals Go to Dubček, Alexander (1921–92) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism War Bohemia Cold war Czech Republic Wars since 1900 The Vietcong launch widespread attacks on South Vietnamese cities during the Tet (lunar new year) holiday Go to Tet Offensive (1968) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Lyndon Johnson announces that he will not stand for re-election as US president Go to Johnson, Lyndon B(aines) (1908–1973) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States New Czech leader Alexander Dubcek facilitates the Prague Spring, aiming in his words to provide 'socialism with a human face' Go to Prague Spring in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Social and domestic War Bohemia Cold war Czech Republic Society Wars since 1900 British actor Richard Attenborough makes his first film as a director, Oh! What a Lovely War Go to Attenborough, Richard Samuel Baron (1923– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Spanish Guinea becomes an independent republic as Equatorial Guinea, with Francisco Macias Nguema as president Go to Equatorial Guinea in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Spanish empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires US soldiers massacre hundreds of unarmed civilians in the Vietnamese village of My Lai Go to My Lai. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century War Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Robert Kennedy enters the race for the Democratic presidential nomination Go to Kennedy, Robert F. (1925–68) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States Ezra Pound publishes his last collection of cantos, Drafts and Fragments of Cantos CX - CXVII Go to Cantos, The in The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Italian literature Poetry Europe Italy North America United States Karlheinz Stockhausen's Stimmung ('Tuning') employs six unaccompanied voices for 75 minutes Go to Stimmung in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Germany US civil rights leader Martin Luther King is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, by escaped convict James Earl Ray Go to King, Jr, Martin Luther (1929–1968) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination North America United States British racing driver Jim Clark is killed in an accident on the Hockenheim circuit, while leading in the world championship Go to Clark, Jim (1936–1968) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain AIM (American Indian Movement) is founded to improve the status of native Americans, or American Indians Go to American Indian Movement in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics American Indians North America United States Pierre Trudeau begins sixteen almost unbroken years as Liberal leader and prime minister of Canada Go to Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (1919–2000) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics North America Canada The United Nations, with the approval of Britain as the colonial power, imposes economic sanctions on Rhodesia Go to Zimbabwe in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Society Empires US artist Sol LeWitt buries a metal cube in the Netherlands to create Box in a Hole Go to LeWitt, Sol (9 Sept. 1928) in The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Arts American art North America United States Peter Nzube finds the oldest skull yet discovered in the Olduvai Gorge and names the specimen Twiggy, after the British fashion model of the time Go to Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Africa East Africa A student revolt begins in Paris and sweeps through France, shaking de Gaulle's government Go to student revolt, France (May 1968) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Europe France The Parti Québécois is formed in Canada by René Lévesque Go to Parti Québécois in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent North America Canada Robert Kennedy is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan, a Palestinian, in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles Go to Kennedy, Robert (1925–1968) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States Norman Mailer publishes The Armies of the Night, based on his experiences on an anti-Vietnam demonstration in Washington in October 1967 Go to Armies of the Night, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English North America United States English biographer Michael Holroyd completes his two-volume life of Lytton Strachey Go to Holroyd, Michael (1935– ) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Pope Paul VI issues the encyclical Humanae Vitae, condemning all methods of artificial birth control Go to Humanae vitae in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Religion Christianity Papacy Europe Italy Raden Suharto is elected president, formalizing his already de facto succession to Sukarno as the Indonesian dictator Go to Suharto, Raden (1921–2008) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Southeast Asia A military coup in Iraq brings to power a government composed mainly of Ba'thists Go to Iraq in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Barbara Streisand repeats her Broadway performance in the film of Funny Girl Go to Funny Girl in The Oxford Companion to the American Musical (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Theatre North America United States US athlete Bob Beamon sets a world long-jump record of 8.9 metres that will stand for 23 years Go to Beamon, Bob in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Society North America United States Catholic bishops in Latin America, plagued by oppressive regimes, develop the concept of liberation theology Go to liberation theology in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Religion Christianity Latin America Central America South America Gore Vidal publishes Myra Breckenridge, featuring a lively transsexual as the central character Go to Vidal, Gore (1925– ) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States Antonio de Salazar, the Portuguese dictator, suffers a stroke and is replaced by Marcelo Caetano Go to Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves (b. 17 Aug. 1906) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Europe Portugal Alexander Solzhenitsyn's novel Cancer Ward is smuggled to New York for publication Go to Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (1918–2008) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature Fiction Europe Russia Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke create the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, based on Clarke's 1951 short story The Sentinel Go to Clarke, Arthur C. (1917–2008) in The Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia to end the Prague Spring Go to Prague Spring in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Persecution and repression War Bohemia Cold war Czech Republic Wars since 1900 Reformist Czech leader Alexander Dubcek is arrested and flown to Moscow Go to Dubček, Alexander (27 Nov. 1921) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism War Bohemia Cold war Czech Republic Wars since 1900 The first civil rights march in northern Ireland, in Derry, is halted by the police with batons and water cannon Go to Northern Ireland, Civil Rights Association of in The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Social and domestic Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Northern Ireland British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Ireland Society Rulers and politicians Britain Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis marries Jacqueline Kennedy, widow of the assassinated president Go to Onassis, Aristotle Socrates (1906–1975) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Social and domestic Europe Greece Society North America United States Republican candidate Richard Nixon defeats Hubert Humphrey in the US presidential election Go to Nixon, Richard Milhous (1913–1994) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States Harvard academic Henry Kissinger is selected by President Nixon as his national security adviser Go to Kissinger, Henry Alfred (1923– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics War Cold war Wars since 1900 North America United States Three US astronauts become the first humans to leave the earth's orbit, reaching the moon and going into its orbit in Apollo 8 Go to Apollo project in A Dictionary of Space Exploration (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Astronomy and space North America United States The US astronauts in Apollo 8 are the first humans to see (and photograph) the sight of the earth rising above the moon's horizon Go to Apollo project in A Dictionary of Space Exploration (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Astronomy and space North America United States
1969	At a congress in Cairo, Yasser Arafat is appointed leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Go to Arafat, Yasser (1929–2004) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel On the death of Levi Eshkol, Golda Meir succeeds him as leader of a coalition government in Israel Go to Meir, Golda (1898–1978) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel The Provisional IRA reintroduces terrorism to northern Ireland after Protestants attack a civil rights march Go to Irish Republican Army in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Northern Ireland British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Ireland Rulers and politicians Britain The Anglo-French airliner Concorde makes its first supersonic test flight Go to Concorde in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Travel and transport Technology Engineering Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe France Society Britain British artist duo Gilbert & George attract attention miming to Flanagan and Allen's Underneath the Arches Go to Gilbert (1943– ) in A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Arts British art Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain English novelist John Fowles publishes The French Lieutenant's Woman, set in Lyme Regis in the 1860s Go to Fowles, John (1926–2005) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Pakistan's president Ayub Khan hands over power to another general, Yahya Khan, who introduces martial law Go to Yahya Khan, Agha Mohammed (b. 4 Feb. 1917) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan Peter Maxwell Davies writes Eight Songs for a Mad King for the Pierrot Players Go to Songs for a Mad King in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The first series of Monty Python's Flying Circus is broadcast on British TV Go to Monty Python's Flying Circus in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Moscow imposes Gustav Husak as first secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, with the brief to reverse Dubcek's reforms Go to Husák, Gustáv (b. 10 Jan. 1913) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism War Bohemia Cold war Czech Republic Wars since 1900 President de Gaulle resigns after losing a plebiscite on government reform Go to de Gaulle, Charles André Joseph Marie (1890–1970) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Europe France Georges Pompidou is elected president of France in succession to de Gaulle Go to Pompidou, Georges Jean Raymond (1911–1974) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Europe France Paul Newman and Robert Redford star in the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Go to Redford, Robert (1936– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States US novelist Philip Roth publishes Portnoy's Complaint, a monologue in which the hero gives his psychoanalyst a frank description of his sexual frustrations Go to Portnoy's Complaint in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States The Stonewall riots in New York prompt a US campaign for Gay and Lesbian rights Go to Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Social and domestic Society North America United States The Gang of Four achieve malign power during China's Cultural Revolution Go to Gang of Four in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia East Asia China Space-traveller Billy Pilgrim suffers horrors in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five Go to Slaughterhouse-Five; or The Children's Crusade. A Duty-Dance with Death in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America United States Mary Jo Kopechne drowns when US senator Edward Kennedy drives his car off the road on Chappaquiddick Island in Massachusetts Go to Kennedy, Edward Moore (b. 22 Feb. 1932) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Social and domestic Society North America United States Neil Armstrong, commander of the US space mission Apollo 11, sets foot on the moon and says: 'That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.' Go to Armstrong, Neil Alden (1930–2012) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Astronomy and space North America United States British film director John Schlesinger makes Midnight Cowboy, starring Dustin Hoffman and Jon Voight Go to Schlesinger, John Richard (1926–2003) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Film North America United States Russian chess player Boris Spassky beats Tigran Petrosian to become world champion Go to Spassky, Boris Vasselievich (1937– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Europe Russia Society 19-year-old rugby player J.P.R. Williams makes his debut for Wales in a match against Scotland Go to Williams, J(ohn) P(eter) R(hys) (1949– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Scotland Wales British Isles Europe Society Britain Nearly half a million people turn up for the Woodstock Music Festival at a dairy farm in Bethel, New York Go to Woodstock in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music North America United States Canadian author Margaret Atwood publishes her first novel, The Edible Woman Go to Atwood, Margaret Eleanor (1939– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction North America Canada United States Australian tennis player Rod Laver is the first to win the Grand Slam a second time Go to Laver, Rod (1938) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Australia and Oceania Society Australia Idris I, king of Libya, is deposed in a bloodless coup led by Muammar al-Gaddafi Go to Gaddafi, Muammar al- (b. Sept. 1942) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa An engineer in the newly formed Intel Corporation designs the first programmable microchip Go to microchip in The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Technology Inventions and discoveries North America United States Italian composer Luciano Berio completes his Sinfonia for eight voices and orchestra Go to Berio, Luciano (1925) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Performing arts Music Europe Italy Willy Brandt, leader of the SPD (Social Democratic Party), becomes chancellor of Germany Go to Brandt, Willy (1913–1992) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Germany Scottish Grand Prix racing driver Jackie Stewart wins the first of his three world championship titles Go to Stewart, Jackie (1939– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Scotland British Isles Europe Society Britain The Northern Irish player George Best is voted European Footballer of the Year Go to Best, George (1946– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Sports and games Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Society Britain The ARPANET, linking computers in four US cities, is the first step towards the internet Go to ARPANET in A Dictionary of Computing (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Technology Inventions and discoveries North America United States Paintings discovered on stone slabs in a cave in Namibia are dated to about 28,000 years ago Go to rock art in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Arts Painting Science Africa South Africa British scientists Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards fertilize in a test-tube eggs removed from human ovaries Go to in vitro fertilization in The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Science Medicine Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain

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