17th century

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Timeline: 17th century

Years: c. 1600 - 1700	Subject: History, Early Modern History (1500 to 1700)
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191735608

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BCE CE

Year	Event
c. 1600	The Yoruba develop an extensive empire centred on Oyo in southern Nigeria Go to Yoruba in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Africa West Africa William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth, concludes that the earth is a magnet and coins the term 'magnetic pole' Go to magnetic pole in A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Science Physics British Isles Europe Britain A performance in the Oratory in Rome, with music by Emilio de' Cavalieri, is in effect the first oratorio Go to oratorio noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Baroque Italian Renaissance Performing arts Music Europe Italy Britain's East India Company is established when Elizabeth I grants a charter to a 'Company of Merchants trading into the East Indies' Go to East Flanders in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Commerce and industry British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Britain Electricity is given its name (in the Latin phrase vis electrica) by the English physician, William Gilbert Go to Gilbert, William (1540–1613) in A Dictionary of Earth Sciences (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Science Physics British Isles Europe Britain
1601	Shakespeare's central character in Hamlet expresses both the ideals of the Renaissance and the disillusion of a less confident age Go to Hamlet [Shakes.] in The Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Theatre Literature English literature Literature in English Drama British Isles Europe Britain
1602	The Dutch East India Company is founded, with a tax-free monopoly of the eastern trade for twenty-one years Go to Dutch East India Company in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Commerce and industry Dutch empire Europe Netherlands Society Empires
1603	Geneva wins independence from the duchy of Savoy, in the treaty of St Julien, after repelling a midnight assault on the city Go to Savoy in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Switzerland The warlord Tokugawa Ieyasu is awarded the title of shogun, beginning nearly three centuries of the Tokugawa shogunate Go to Tokugawa in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia Japan James VI of Scotland inherits peacefully the crown of his English cousin Elizabeth, and becomes James I of England Go to James VI (1566–1625) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The accession of James I and VI to the throne of England brings the union of the crowns of England and Scotland Go to James VI (1566–1625) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1604	The British king James I launches a blistering attack on the smoking of tobacco, which he considers a loathsome custom Go to James VI (1566–1625) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Social and domestic Scotland British Isles Europe Society Britain The first false Dmitry marches into Russia with a Polish army to claim the throne Go to Godunov, Boris in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: War Europe Russia Annibale Carracci completes an influential ceiling fresco in the Farnese palace in Rome Go to Carracci, Annibale (1560–1609) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Italian painting Italian art Europe Italy James I commissions the Authorized version of the Bible, which is completed by forty-seven scholars in seven years Go to Durgāpur (West Bengal/India) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Reformation Literature English literature Literature in English Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain William Shakespeare's name appears among the actors in a list of the King's Men Go to Shakespeare, William (1564–1616) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Theatre Literature English literature Drama British Isles Europe Britain
1605	Ben Jonson writes The Masque of Blackness, the first of his many masques for the court of James I Go to masque in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Theatre Literature English literature Literature in English Drama British Isles Europe Britain On the death of Akbar, his son Jahangir succeeds to the Mughal throne Go to Jahangir (1569–1627) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes publishes the first part of his satirically romantic novel Don Quixote Go to Quixote, Don in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature Fiction Europe Spain The Gunpowder Plot, attempting murder and treason, severely damages the Catholic cause in Britain Go to Gunpowder plot (1605) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain
1606	The satirical voice of the English playwright Ben Jonson is heard to powerful effect in Volpone Go to Volpone [Lit.] in The Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Theatre Literature English literature Literature in English Drama British Isles Europe Britain
1607	Claudio Monteverdi presents Orfeo, the first opera to win a lasting place in the international repertory Go to Monteverdi, Claudio (1567–1643) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Performing arts Music Opera Europe Italy The earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel sail from Ireland with their families, in the event known as the Flight of the Earls Go to Flight of the Earls (1607) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Colonists establish the first lasting British settlement in the new world, at Jamestown Go to Jamestown in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States The Jamestown settlers meet an unfriendly reception from the local Powhatan Indians, having to use their muskets to beat off an attack within two weeks of their arrival Go to Jamestown in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
1608	The Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens completes an altarpiece in Rome which is an early masterpiece of the baroque Go to Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640) [Art] in The Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Italian painting Italian art Rome Europe Italy A lucky accident reveals the principle of the telescope to a spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey. In the Dutch town of Middelburg Go to Lippershey, Hans (c.1570–1619) in A Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Technology Inventions and discoveries Europe Netherlands A second false Dmitry marches on Moscow, to be followed by a third in 1612 Go to pretender noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: War Europe Russia Quebec is founded by Samuel de Champlain as a centre for the French fur trade Go to Québec in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Commerce and industry Society North America Canada Rubens returns from Italy to Antwerp, where he soon establishes Europe's most successful and prolific studio Go to Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640) [Art] in The Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting Europe Belgium A shipload of Puritans, among them some of the future Pilgrim Fathers, sail from Boston in Lincolnshire to seek religious freedom in Holland Go to puritan in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Belgium Netherlands Britain John Smith claims (many years later) that when captured by Indians he was saved from execution by Pocahontas, daughter of the chief Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization American Indians British colonial America British empire Empires North America United States
1609	Henry Hudson reaches the inlet of New York Bay and explores the river now known by his name Go to Hudson, Henry (d.1611) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Exploration British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires North America United States Johannes Kepler, in Prague, puts forward the radical proposition that the planets move in elliptical rather than circular orbits Go to Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630) in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Astronomy and space Bohemia Czech Republic Galileo improves on the Dutch telescope (and doubles his salary by presenting one to his employer) Go to Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) in A Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Technology Inventions and discoveries Europe Italy The Blue Mosque, commissioned by Ahmed I, begins to rise in Istanbul like a twin to the nearby Santa Sophia Go to Hagia Sofia in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Architecture Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires A law is passed expelling the Moriscos from Spain, with the result that some 300,000 are shipped to north Africa Go to Moriscos in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Africa North Africa Europe Spain Castaways from an English vessel reach Bermuda, which becomes the first British island in the new world Go to Bermuda in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean News sheets published in Augsburg and Strasbourg become the first known newspapers Go to newspaper in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Germany Shakespeare's sonnets, written ten years previously, are published Go to Shakespeare, William (1564–1616) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English Poetry British Isles Europe Britain
c. 1610	A flintlock designed in France (possibly by Marin Le Bourgeoys) becomes the standard firing mechanism for muskets Go to flintlock noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Weapons Europe France Galileo, with his new powerful telescope, observes the moons of Jupiter and spots moving on the surface of the sun Go to Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) in A Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Astronomy and space Europe Italy Henry IV is assassinated in a Paris street by a Roman Catholic, François Ravaillac Go to Henry IV in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Terrorism and assassination Europe France After the assassination of Henry IV, his wife Marie de Médicis becomes regent for the 9-year-old Louis XIII Go to Marie de Médicis (1573–1642) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe France The first documented Caesarean section in which the mother survives Go to caesarean section noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Medicine
1611	Henry Hudson, after wintering in Hudson Bay, is set adrift in an open boat by his mutinous crew Go to Hudson, Henry (d.1611) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Exploration British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires North America Canada Shakespeare's last completed play, The Tempest, is performed Go to Shakespeare, William (1564–1616) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Theatre Literature English literature Literature in English Drama British Isles Europe Britain
1612	The establishment of a Baptist church in London is a defining moment for the Baptist sect within Christianity Go to Baptist in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain
1613	Galileo publishes his evidence, from sun spots, proving Copernicus right and Ptolemy wrong on the solar system Go to Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) in A Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Astronomy and space Europe Italy Michael Romanov is elected tsar, beginning a new dynasty on the Russian throne Go to Romanov in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe Russia The Globe catches fire during a performance of Shakespeare's last play, Henry VIII Go to Globe Theatre in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Performing arts Theatre British Isles Europe Britain The British East India establishes a 'factory' (a secure warehouse for the storing of Indian goods) at Surat, on the west coast Go to East Flanders in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Society Empires The American Indian princess Pocahontas is taken hostage by Jamestown colonists in the first Anglo-Powhatan war Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1614	An edict is passed expelling Jesuit missionaries from Japan, and ordering their converts to revert to Buddhism Go to Jesuits in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Religion Christianity Monasticism Asia East Asia China Pocahontas is baptized a Christian and marries John Rolfe, one of the Jamestown colonists Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1615	Sir Thomas Roe, the first British ambassador to India, arrives at the court of the Mughal emperor Jahangir Go to Jahangir (1569–1627) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Empires The Mughal school of painting reaches a peak of perfection in the reign of Jahangir Go to Jahangir (1569–1627) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Arts Painting Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires
1616	Richelieu begins his public career, becoming a secretary of state to Marie de Médicis Go to Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis (1585–1642) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Europe France Pocahontas fascinates Londoners when she arrives with her husband to publicize Jamestown Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Social and domestic British Isles American Indians British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Britain North America United States John Smith publishes A Description of New England, an account of his exploration of the region in 1614 Go to Smith, John (1580–1631) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature American literature English literature Literature in English Politics Conquest and colonization Exploration British Isles American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Britain North America United States William Shakespeare dies at New Place, his home in Stratford-upon-Avon, and is buried in Holy Trinity Church Go to Shakespeare, William (1564–1616) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Theatre Literature English literature Drama British Isles Europe Britain
1617	The treaty of Stolbova brings into Swedish hands the coast round the Gulf of Finland, ending Russian access to the Baltic Go to Finland, Gulf of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Europe Finland Russia Sweden Albrecht von Wallenstein uses his wife's fortune to mobilize a private army in support of the emperor Ferdinand II Go to Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von (1583–1634) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: War Germany
1618	Bohemian nobles throw the Habsburg regents out of a window in the castle in Prague, thus triggering the Thirty Years' War Go to Thirty Years' War (1618–48) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Austrian empire Habsburgs War Bohemia Austria Czech Republic Empires The Teatro Farnese in Parma is the first to have a proscenium arch, framing perspective scenery painted on flat wings Go to proscenium arch noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Architecture Italian architecture Performing arts Theatre Europe Italy The 19-year-old Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck is employed by Rubens in Antwerp as his chief assistant Go to Van Dyck, Sir Anthony (1599–1641) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting Europe Belgium
1619	The Protestant Frederick V (elector palatine of the Rhine) is elected king by the rebellious Bohemian nobles Go to Frederick V (1596–1632) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Austrian empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Bohemia Austria Czech Republic Empires Jan Pieterszoon Coen destroys the town of Jakarta, on the coast of Java, and rebuilds it as a Dutch trading centre under the name Batavia Go to Jakarta (Java/Indonesia) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia Europe Empires
c. 1620	The Dutch painter Frans Hals displays exceptional brilliance in his group portraits, including several of the civic guards of Haarlem Go to Hals, Frans in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting Europe Netherlands The battle of the White Mountain, to the west of Prague, ends the brief reign of Frederick V in Bohemia Go to Frederick V (1596–1632) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Austrian empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Battles Bohemia Austria Czech Republic Empires Delft becomes the centre for tin-glazed earthenware in northern Europe, specializing in the blue-and-white Chinese style See this event in other timelines: Arts Decorative arts Europe Netherlands In his Novum Organum Francis Bacon introduces a modern philosophy of experimental science Go to Bacon, Francis (1561–1626) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Science British Isles Europe Britain William Bradford begins a journal of the Pilgrims' experience in New England, subsequently published (in 1856) as History of Plymouth Plantation Go to Plimmoth Plantation, History of in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature American literature Literature in English Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1620 September 16	The Pilgrims (or Pilgrim Fathers), a group of 102 English settlers, sail in the Mayflower to the new world Go to Pilgrims in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Conquest and colonization British Isles British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Britain North America United States
1620 November 1121	Ten days after their first landfall, at Cape Cod, the adult males on the Mayflower agree a form of government for their new colony Go to Pilgrims in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1620 December 26	The Pilgrims on the Mayflower select a place for their settlement, and give it the name of Plymouth, their port of departure in England Go to Pilgrims in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1621 autumn	The Mayflower settlers in Plymouth offer thanksgiving for their first harvest, eating turkeys in a celebration shared by local Indians Go to Pilgrims in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Social and domestic American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires North America United States
1621	The first English newspaper (Corante) appears, promising reports 'from Italy, Germany, Hungarie, Spaine and France' Go to coranto in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 British Isles Europe Britain William Bradford, one of the Pilgrims from the Mayflower, is elected governor of the new Plymouth Colony Go to Bradford, William (1590–1657) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Democracy and dissent British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States The Dutch West India Company is chartered to trade and found colonies anywhere along the entire American coast Go to Dutch West India Company in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Netherlands Empires John Donne, England's leading Metaphysical poet, becomes dean of St Paul's Go to Donne, John (c.1572–1631) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English British Isles Europe Britain
1622	A sudden attack by Powhatan Indians, led by their chieftain Opechancanough against the English colony at Jamestown, results in the death of more than 300 settlers Go to Powhatan Indians in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization War American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States Bernini's youthful Pluto and Proserpina, suggesting soft flesh in cold marble, introduces the lively tradition of baroque sculpture Go to Bernini, Gian Lorenzo (1598–1680) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Sculpture Italian art Europe Italy The Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck begins a five-year stay, and a successful career as a portrait painter, in Genoa Go to Van Dyck, Sir Anthony (1599–1641) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Italian painting Italian art Europe Italy
1623	The English settlers in Virginia arrange a peace conference with the Powhatan Indians, using it as an opportunity to murder the Powhatan delegates Go to Powhatan Indians in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: North America John Heminge and Henry Condell publish thirty-six Shakespeare plays in the First Folio Go to Folio, the First in A Dictionary of Shakespeare (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English Drama British Isles Europe Britain Diego Velazquez becomes court painter to the king of Spain - a post which he will hold for the remaining thirty-seven years of his life Go to Velázquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y (1599–1660) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Europe Spain
1624	The Japanese are forbidden to leave their country, or foreigners to enter, at the start of more than two centuries of almost total isolation Go to Japan in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Asia East Asia Japan Nicolas Poussin arrives in Rome, where he develops the tradition of French classicism Go to Poussin, Nicolas (1594–1665) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Arts Painting Italian painting Europe Italy
c. 1625	Gustavus II, king of Sweden, conscripts and trains an army far more mobile than those of his rivals Go to Gustavus II (Adolphus) (1594–1632) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: War Europe Ordnance factories in Sweden begin producing light but powerful field artillery, easy to move on the battlefield Go to ordnance in A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: War Europe Rubens completes a great narrative sequence of twenty-one paintings to celebrate the achievements of Marie de Médicis Go to Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640) [Art] in The Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting French painting French art Europe France Three brothers among the Dahomey people establish a long-lasting kingdom in the Bight of Benin Go to Dahomey in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Africa West Africa The Dutch gradually exclude the Portuguese from the immensely lucrative trade in cloves from the Spice Islands (or Moluccas) Go to Molucca Islands in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Society Empires On the death of his father, James VI and I, Charles I becomes king of England and Scotland Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The English parliament attempts to clip the wings of the new king, Charles I, by placing an annual limit on his power to raise taxes Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1626	Peter Minuit purchases the island of Manhattan from local Indians and calls the place New Amsterdam Go to Minuit, Peter in New Oxford American Dictionary (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization American Indians Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States Charles I frustrates the English parliament's restrictions by raising taxes without summoning parliament for renewed approval Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1627	A British colony is founded in Barbados and within fifteen years has 18,000 settlers Go to Barbados (West Indies) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean Claude Lorrain, basing himself like Poussin in Rome, paints classical landscapes suffused in light Go to Claude Lorrain (c.1604–82) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Arts Painting Italian painting Europe Italy
1628	William Harvey publishes a short book, De Motu Cordis, proving the circulation of the blood Go to Harvey, William (1578–1657) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Science Medicine British Isles Europe Britain The English parliament's Petition of Right emphasizes the right of the citizen to be protected from royal tyranny Go to Petition of Right (1628) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain The Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn develops a life-long interest in self-portraiture Go to Rembrandt (1606–69) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting Europe Netherlands
1629	After years of warfare, the truce of Altmark gives Estonia and most of Latvia to Sweden Go to Gustavus II (Adolphus) (1594–1632) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics War Europe The sculptor and architect Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini is given the task of adding the drama of baroque to the newly completed St Peter's in Rome Go to Bernini, Gian Lorenzo (1598–1680) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Architecture Italian architecture Europe Italy Charles I dismisses his parliament in Westminster, and fails to summon another in the following eleven years Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
c. 1630	Rival Dutch, English and French colonies are established in Guiana, the northeast coast of south America Go to Guiana in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British empire Dutch empire European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires Latin America South America John Winthrop, appointed governor of the new Massachusetts Bay Company, sails from England with 700 settlers Go to Winthrop, John (1588–1649) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Conquest and colonization British Isles British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Britain North America United States John Winthrop selects the site of Boston for the first Massachusetts settlement Go to Winthrop, John (1588–1649) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States John Winthrop, arriving in Massachusetts, begins the journal that is eventually published as The History Of New England Go to Winthrop, John (1588–1649) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1631	Gustavus II and the Swedish army win a conclusive victory over the imperial forces at Breitenfeld Go to Gustavus II (Adolphus) (1594–1632) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: War Battles Europe Germany Sweden Rembrandt moves from his home town of Leiden to set up a studio in Amsterdam Go to Rembrandt (1606–69) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting Europe Netherlands
1632	The Inquisition convicts Galileo of heresy and he denies the truth of Copernicus - on being shown the instruments of torture Go to Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) in A Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Persecution and repression Science Astronomy and space Europe Italy Shah Jahan orders that all recently built Hindu temples shall be destroyed, ending the Mughal tradition of religious tolerance Go to Shah Jahan (1592–1666) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Persecution and repression Religion Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires The Swedish army wins another convincing victory at Lützen, but Gustavus II dies leading a cavalry charge Go to Gustavus II (Adolphus) (1594–1632) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Battles Europe Germany Sweden Maryland is granted to Lord Baltimore as a haven for English Roman Catholics Go to Baltimore, George Calvert, 1st Lord (c. 1580–1632) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States Van Dyck moves to London and becomes portrait painter to the British court and aristocracy Go to Van Dyck, Sir Anthony (1599–1641) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Britain 1500-1750 Arts Painting British painting British art British Isles Europe Britain Shah Jahan begins building the Taj Mahal as a memorial for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal Go to Taj Mahal in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Architecture Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires
1633	Williamsburg, first known as Middle Plantation, is founded in Virginia Go to Williamsburg in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States The four years of tulip mania in Holland provide the first example of speculative frenzy in a capitalist market See this event in other timelines: Commerce and industry Europe Netherlands Society George Herbert's only volume of poems, The Temple, is published posthumously Go to Herbert, George (1593–1633) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English Poetry British Isles Europe Britain
1634	A Passion play is performed for the first time at Oberammergau, in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation Go to Passion play noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Theatre Germany Charles I demands ship money to increase his revenue, albeit in the absence of its conventional justification - a crisis of national defence Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Francesco Borromini begins work on his intricate baroque masterpiece, the Monastery of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1634-43), in Rome See this event in other timelines: Baroque Architecture Italian architecture Europe Italy Rembrandt marries Saskia van Uylenburgh, who will feature in many of his paintings Go to Rembrandt (1606–69) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting Europe Netherlands
1635	Charles I establishes Britain's Royal Mail, employing Thomas Witherings to set it up Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Social and domestic British Isles Europe Society Britain
1636	North America's first university is founded at Cambridge in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and soon receives a large bequest from John Harvard Go to Harvard University in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: North America United States Rhode Island is founded by Roger Williams as a colony based on the principle of religious tolerance Go to Williams, Roger (c. 1603–83) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Reformation Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States A painted ceiling by Rubens, celebrating the Stuart dynasty, is installed in the Banqueting House in Whitehall Go to Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640) [Art] in The Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Britain 1500-1750 Arts Painting British painting British art British Isles Europe Britain John Hampden refuses to pay ship money to Charles I, beginning a campaign that gradually wins wide support Go to Hampden, John (1594–1643) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Protest and rebellion War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1637	The first public opera house, the Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice Go to Venice (Italy, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Music Opera Venice Europe Italy Pierre Corneille's play Le Cid, popular with Paris audiences, hinges on the conflict between duty and love Go to Corneille, Pierre in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Theatre Literature French literature Drama Europe France Charles I and his archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, attempt to impose the full Anglican hierarchy on presbyterian Scotland Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Religion Christianity War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain John Milton's Lycidas is published in memory of a Cambridge friend, Edward King Go to Milton, John (1608–74) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English Poetry British Isles Europe Britain War between English colonists and Pequot Indians brings disaster to the Pequots but safeguards the settlement of Connecticut Go to Pequot War (1636–1637) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization War American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1638	The French build a trading station on the estuary of the Senegal river in west Africa Go to Senegal River in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Society Empires A National Covenant, first signed in an Edinburgh churchyard, commits the Covenanters to oppose Charles I's reforms of the Church of Scotland Go to Covenanters in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity War Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Galileo's Discorsi, published in Leiden, lays the groundwork for mathematical physics Go to Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) in A Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Physics Europe Italy Riots erupt in Edinburgh, in response to the attempt by Charles I and Laud to impose a hierarchy of Anglican bishops Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1639	Richard Fairbanks, given responsibility for delivering mail in Massachusetts, is allowed to charge a penny per letter Go to Massachusetts (USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Social and domestic Society North America United States The finances of the English king, Charles I, are in crisis, with his agents able to collect each year only a fraction of his demands Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Covenanters seize control of Edinburgh and other Scottish towns, launching the conflict with England known as the Bishops' War Go to Covenanters in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Protest and rebellion War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
c. 1640	The Dutch artist Gerrit Dou paints with exquisite precision and becomes leader of a group known as the 'fine painters' Go to Dou, Gerrit (1613–75) in The Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting Europe Netherlands In need of funds for the Bishops' War in Scotland, Charles I summons parliament to Westminster Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Parliament denies Charles I's request for funds and is dismissed after three weeks (the Short Parliament) Go to Short Parliament (May 1640) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain The first book published in England's American colonies is Bay Psalm Book, a revised translation of the psalms Go to Bay Psalm Book in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Printing Technology North America United States Charles I's financial crisis causes him to summon another parliament to Westminster (the Long Parliament, not dissolved until 1660) Go to Long Parliament (1640–60) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain The new parliament immediately impeaches Charles I's two closest advisers, the earl of Strafford and archbishop William Laud Go to Long Parliament (1640–60) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
c. 1641	Cavalier is now in use as a term of abuse for supporters of the royal cause Go to cavalier in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Roundhead is now in use as a term of abuse for supporters of parliament Go to Roundhead noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Under pressure from parliament, Charles I signs the death warrant of his most powerful supporter, the earl of Strafford Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain The profusion of paintings on sale in Holland astonishes an English visitor, John Evelyn Go to Evelyn, John (1620–1706) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting Europe Netherlands The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their trading posts in Malacca Go to Malacca in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Society Empires Parliament presents Charles I with the Grand Remonstrance, a long list of grievances against his conduct of the realm Go to Grand Remonstrance (1641) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1642	Charles I comes in person to the House of Commons, but fails in his attempt to arrest the Five Members whom he accuses of treason Go to five members (1642) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles I leaves London and heads for the north of England, where his support is the strongest Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I, travels to Holland, taking with her the English crown jewels Go to Henrietta Maria in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain The Mongols depose the ruling dynasty of Tibet and offer the country to the Dalai Lama, to be ruled by him with Mongol military support Go to Dalai Lama noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia The Briare canal, joining the Seine to the Loire, has a staircase of six consecutive locks Go to lock in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Canals Technology Engineering Europe France Society Abel Tasman makes landfall in the Macquarie Harbour area in the island now known after him, Tasmania Go to Tasman, Abel (1603–c. 1659) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Exploration Australia and Oceania Society Australia Parliament sends Charles I a list of political demands, the Nineteen Propositions, which it would be impossible for him to accept Go to Nineteen Propositions in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles I, at Nottingham, raises the royal standard - signalling that he considers himself at war Go to English Civil War (1642–49) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles I leads his army into action at Edgehill - the first, but inconclusive, battle in the English Civil War Go to English Civil War (1642–49) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War Battles British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles I marches to within a few miles of Westminster (to Turnham Green), but withdraws without engaging the enemy Go to English Civil War (1642–49) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles I withdraws to Oxford, where he establishes his court for the rest of the war Go to English Civil War (1642–49) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman attempts to land in Golden Bay, New Zealand, resulting in a clash with the Maoris Go to Maori in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Exploration Dutch empire Australia and Oceania New Zealand Society Empires
1643	Louis XIV inherits the throne of France at the age of four Go to Louis XIV (1638–1715) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe France Mazarin becomes principal minister in France, selected by the queen regent on the death of Louis XIII Go to Mazarin, Jules (1602–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Europe France Abel Tasman reaches yet more islands previously unknown to Europeans – Tonga and Fiji Go to Tasman, Abel (1603–c. 1659) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Exploration Australia and Oceania Pacific Islands Society Evangelista Torricelli, observing variations in a column of mercury, discovers the principle of the barometer Go to Torricelli, Evangelista (1608–1647) in A Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Technology Inventions and discoveries Europe Italy The Prince de Condé and the Vicomte de Turenne emerge as brilliant generals in France's wars Go to Thirty Years' War (1618–48) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: War Europe France
1644	The British East India Company completes the construction of Fort St George in Madras Go to East Flanders in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Society Empires The Powhatan leader Opechancanough launches another surprise attack on the Virginia settlements, killing about 500 colonists Go to Powhatan Indians in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: North America The last Ming emperor hangs himself, and China acquires a new and final dynasty - the Qing Go to Qing in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China In his Principles of Philosophy Descartes gives priority to reason, summed up in his famous phrase cogito ergo sum Go to Descartes, René (1596–1650) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature French literature Philosophy Europe France In the first decisive battle of the English Civil War the king's nephew, Rupert of the Rhine, is heavily defeated at Marston Moor Go to English Civil War (1642–49) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War Battles British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1645	Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell form England's first professional army, calling it the New Model Army Go to New Model Army in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain The Dutch artist Aelbert Cuyp paints landscapes that glow with the warmth of gentle sunlight Go to Cuyp family in The Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting Europe Netherlands The royalist forces, again under the command of Rupert of the Rhine, suffer another major defeat at Naseby Go to English Civil War (1642–49) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War Battles British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1646	The aged Powhatan leader Opechancanough is captured by the English and executed, ending the last significant Indian threat to Virginia Go to Powhatan Indians in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: North America With a parliamentary army surrounding royalist Oxford, Charles I escapes in disguise and heads north Go to English Civil War (1642–49) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain With the help of his more robust brother-in-law, Blaise Pascal provides physical proof that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude Go to Pascal, Blaise (1623–1662) in A Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Physics Europe France A young Hindu prince, Shivaji, captures Bijapur in a campaign against Muslim rulers that will result in his establishing a Maratha empire Go to Maratha in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty War Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires Charles I puts himself in the hands of a Scottish army, opposed at the time to the English parliament Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1647	The Swiss cantons agree on joint action to defend their external borders, in the pact known as the Defensionale of Wyl Go to canton in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Switzerland The Scottish army holding Charles I makes peace with parliament, and hands the king to parliamentary commissioners Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Peter Stuyvesant begins a 17-year spell as director-general of the Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America Go to Stuyvesant, Peter (1610–72) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States Charles I is held at his palace of Hampton Court, as a prisoner of Cromwell and parliament Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles I comes to a secret arrangement with a group of Covenanters in Scotland, winning their support Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1648	Scottish Covenanters invade England in support of the English king, Charles I, in his struggle against parliament Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain A Cossack rebellion leads to the eventual transfer of their territory from Poland to Russia Go to Cossack in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Protest and rebellion Europe Poland Russia Iroquois raids drive the Huron west to the Great Lakes Go to Iroquois Confederacy in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Migration American Indians Society North America A rebellion of nobles against Mazarin, the principal minister of the young Louis XIV, becomes known as the Fronde Go to Fronde (1648–53) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Protest and rebellion Europe France The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont suggests that there are insubstantial substances other than air, and coins a name for them - gases Go to Helmont, Jan Baptista van (1579–1644) in A Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Chemistry Europe Netherlands The Peace of Westphalia finally brings to an end the Thirty Years' War Go to Thirty Years' War (1618–48) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: War Germany Parliamentary forces defeat the Scottish invaders and suppress other new outbreaks of royalist support Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Spain recognizes the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands Go to United Provinces of the Netherlands in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Europe Netherlands Spain Colonel Thomas Pride denies entrance to the House of Commons to about 140 opponents of Cromwell's policies Go to Pride's Purge in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1649	Cromwell persuades the House of Commons, purged now of all opposition, that it is treason for a king to wage war against parliament Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles I, brought to trial before 135 commissioners in Westminster Hall, refuses to recognise the court's validity Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain After a trial lasting a week in Westminster Hall, Charles I is convicted of treason for fighting a war against parliament Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles I is beheaded on a scaffold erected in the street in London's Whitehall Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles II, in the Hague, inherits the English and Scottish thrones of his executed father, Charles I Go to Charles II (1630–85) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Parliament in London abolishes the monarchy in England, as 'unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous' Go to Rump Parliament in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Parliament chooses Oliver Cromwell to chair the new English Commonwealth's council of state Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Rembrandt creates an etching so desirable that it becomes known as the Hundred Guilder Print Go to Rembrandt (1606–69) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Printing Arts Prints Europe Netherlands John Milton becomes Latin secretary in Cromwell's council of state Go to Milton, John (1608–74) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles Europe Britain The Russian empire, expanding eastwards through Siberia, reaches the Pacific coast Go to Siberia (Russia) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia Europe Russia Empires Cromwell captures the royalist stronghold of Drogheda and massacres some 2800 people Go to Drogheda in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization War British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
c. 1650	The pleasure districts of Edo and Kyoto provide the delights of ukiyo-e, the 'floating world' Go to Ukiyo-e in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Printing Arts Prints Social and domestic Asia East Asia Japan Society Descartes catches a fatal chill, returning home in midwinter from pre-dawn instruction of Queen Christina of Sweden Go to Descartes, René (1596–1650) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Europe France Hindu princes and brahmin priests withdraw from Java to Bali, turning the island into the last outpost of Hinduism in southeast Asia Go to Bali in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Religion Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Japan's popular theatre, kabuki, develops as a form of café entertainment Go to kabuki noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Theatre Asia East Asia Japan James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh, calculates that creation began on Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC Go to Ussher, James (1581–1656) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Ireland Britain To protect their market, the Dutch destroy all clove trees in the Moluccas except on two islands, Amboina and Ternate Go to Molucca Islands in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Society Empires A German burgomaster, Otto von Guericke, devises an air pump capable of creating a vacuum Go to Guericke, Otto von (1602–1686) in A Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Technology Inventions and discoveries Germany The Dalai Lama declares that his teacher is also an incarnation of a future Buddha, and that he is to be known as Panchen Go to Panchen Lama in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Religion Asia East Asia The poems of Massachusetts author Anne Bradstreet are published in London under the title The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America Go to Bradstreet, Anne (c.1612–1672) in The Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature American literature English literature Literature in English Poetry British Isles British colonial America Europe Britain North America United States
1651	Charles II returns to Scotland and is crowned king of Scots in the traditional manner at Scone Go to Charles II (1630–85) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Parliament in England passes the first of several Navigation Acts designed to reserve international trade for English ships Go to Navigation Acts in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Commerce and industry British Isles British empire Europe Society Empires Britain Charles II is defeated by Cromwell at Worcester and escapes in disguise to France Go to Charles II (1630–85) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 War Battles British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1652	Nikon becomes patriarch of all Russia and introduces reforms which cause the Old Believers to form a breakaway sect Go to Nikon (1605–81) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Religion Christianity Europe Russia Scotland and England are merged under English parliamentary rule, in a forced union which lasts eight years Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles Europe Britain Jan van Riebeeck establishes a Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope Go to Riebeeck, Jan van (1610–77) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Dutch empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires A clash at sea between English and Dutch fleets begins the first of three Anglo-Dutch wars Go to Anglo‐Dutch Wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 War British Isles Europe Netherlands Britain The first coffee house opens In London and Londoners soon find such places useful to meet in and do business Go to coffee houses in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Social and domestic British Isles Europe Society Britain Turenne defeats Condé in a battle in the Paris suburbs, hastening the decline of the Fronde Go to Fronde (1648–53) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Battles Europe France
1653	Cromwell uses troops to turn the members out of the House of Commons and locks the door behind them Go to Rump Parliament in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles Europe Britain The 14-year-old Louis XIV dances in a court ballet as Apollo, wearing a glorious sun costume, and finds that he likes the role Go to Louis XIV (1638–1715) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Dance Europe France Cromwell is appointed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth for life, under legislation entitled the Instrument of Government Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Jan Vermeer marries and begins a quiet career as a painter and art dealer in his home town of Delft Go to Vermeer, Jan (1632–75) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting Europe Netherlands The English admiral Robert Blake introduces a system of signalling at sea by means of flags Go to Blake, Robert (1599–1657) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Technology Communication War British Isles Europe Britain John Bunyan joins a Nonconformist church in Bedford and becomes one of their preachers Go to Bunyan, John (1628–88) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain Devoted fisherman Izaak Walton publishes the classic work on the subject, The Compleat Angler Go to Walton, Izaak (1593–1683) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English British Isles Europe Britain
1654	Queen Christina, a secret convert to Catholicism, abdicates in Sweden and travels to Rome Go to Christina (1626–89) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe Otto von Guericke uses sixteen horses to demonstrate in Regensburg the power of a vacuum Go to Guericke, Otto von (1602–1686) in A Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Physics Technology Germany
c. 1655	The painter Pieter de Hooch is a friendly guide through the welcoming spaces of the seventeenth-century Dutch courtyard and home Go to Hooch, Pieter de (20 Dec. 1629) in The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting Europe Netherlands Diego Velazquez paints his only surviving female nude, The Toilet of Venus (known as the Rokeby Venus) Go to Velázquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y (1599–1660) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Europe Spain George Fox begins preaching in England, in a movement which develops into the Society of Friends - or Quakers Go to quakers in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain The British, settling in Jamaica, soon turn the island into the major slave market of the West Indies Go to Jamaica (and Cuba, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Slavery British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Latin America Caribbean Christiaan Huygens, using a home-made telescope, describes accurately the rings of Saturn and discovers the planet's largest moon, Titan Go to Huygens, Christiaan (1629–95) in A Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Astronomy and space Europe Netherlands
c. 1656	Jews return to England after Cromwell repeals the law of 1290 forbidding their residence in the country Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Religion Judaism Social and domestic British Isles Europe Society Britain After a six-month siege, the Dutch capture Colombo from the Portuguese in Sri Lanka Go to Colombo in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia South Asia Sri Lanka Europe Empires Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens constructs the first pendulum clock, on Christmas Day in the Hague Go to Huygens, Christiaan (1629–95) in A Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Technology Inventions and discoveries Europe Netherlands Velazquez, in Las Meninas, paints himself painting the king and queen of Spain Go to Velázquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y (1599–1660) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Arts Painting Europe Spain
1657	The Dutch in South Africa purchase slaves to do domestic and agricultural work Go to Dutch East India Company in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Slavery Dutch empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Society Empires Andrew Marvell works as assistant Latin secretary to Milton in Cromwell's department for foreign affairs Go to Marvell, Andrew (1621–78) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles Europe Britain
1658	For the final years of his life Shah Jahan is held a prisoner, by his son Aurangzeb, in Agra's Red Fort Go to Shah Jahan (1592–1666) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires Samuel Pepys has a two-ounce stone cut from his bladder, in an operation carried out at home in the presence of his family Go to Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Science Medicine British Isles Europe Britain Parliamentary reprisals against the rebellious Irish result in two thirds of Ireland's land being owned by the English or the Scots Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Cromwell dies after naming his son Richard to succeed him in the office of Lord Protector Go to Cromwell, Richard (1626–1712) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Prince Rupert of the Rhine pioneers mezzotint, the first half-tone technique in printing Go to mezzotint in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Printing Prints Technology British Isles Europe Britain The Dutch expel the Portuguese from the last of their trading posts in Sri Lanka Go to Sri Lanka in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia South Asia Sri Lanka Europe Society Empires
1659	The ineffective Richard Cromwell goes into voluntary retirement, an event linked to the strong possibility of a military coup Go to Cromwell, Richard (1626–1712) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1660	General George Monck marches south from Scotland to London, to intervene in England's unresolved political crisis Go to Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–70) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain On the first day of the new year Samuel Pepys gets up late, eats the remains of the turkey and begins his diary Go to Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English British Isles Europe Britain Monck, reaching London, dissolves the Long Parliament and convenes a new one Go to Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–70) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Monck persuades Charles II to sign, at Breda in Holland, a declaration of policies to heal the wounds of the Civil War Go to Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–70) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain The new Convention Parliament in Westminster invites Charles II to return as king Go to Convention Parliaments in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles II lands at Dover and is given a warm welcome in London four days later Go to Charles II (1630–85) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain The berlin, developed in Berlin, becomes the most successful carriage of the seventeenth century Go to Berlin in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Commerce and industry Social and domestic Travel and transport Technology Engineering Germany Society Louis XIV grants New France the status of a royal province and greatly increases the flow of colonists to north America Go to New France in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires North America Canada Sweden wins the province of Skåne from Denmark, thus acquiring an unbroken stretch of Baltic coastline from Göteborg to Riga Go to Roskilde, Treaty of (1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Europe Denmark The Act of Indemnity, pardoning all offences since 1637 except those of the regicides, is given the royal assent Go to Indemnity and Oblivion, Act of (1660) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1661	John Bunyan is convicted of unlicensed preaching and spends the next eleven years in Bedford Gaol Go to Bunyan, John (1628–88) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain The body of Oliver Cromwell is hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain The Cavalier Parliament begins to pass a series of acts, known as the Clarendon Code, containing punitive measures against Presbyterians Go to Clarendon code in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain Italian doctor Marcello Malpighi discovers the capillaries, thus completing the evidence for the circulation of the blood Go to Malpighi, Marcello in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Life sciences Europe Italy The British establish Fort James on an island in the Gambia river Go to Gambia River in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 Africa West Africa Europe Society Empires A banker in Sweden, Johan Palmstruch, issues Europe's first paper currency, on behalf of the Stockholm Banco Go to Sweden (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Commerce and industry Europe Society Louis XIV establishes a royal dancing academy and soon follows it with a music academy Go to Louis XIV (1638–1715) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Dance Europe France
1662	British chemist Robert Boyle defines the inverse relationship between pressure and volume in any gas (subsequently known as Boyle's Law) Go to Boyle, Robert (1627–92) in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Science Chemistry British Isles Europe Britain Jean-Baptiste Colbert buys the Gobelin family workshops in Paris and transforms them into a royal factory for Louis XIV Go to Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619–83) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Arts Decorative arts French art Europe France The Act of Uniformity demands that Anglican clergy accept all the Thirty-Nine Articles, costing many their livings Go to Uniformity, Act of (1662) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain An academy of English scientists is given a royal charter by Charles II and becomes the Royal Society Go to Royal Society in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Science British Isles Europe Britain
1664	Colbert founds East India and West India companies to ensure a supply of raw materials for France's factories Go to Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619–83) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Commerce and industry Europe France Society Louis XIV commissions a well-established team of designers to provide him with a spectacular palace and garden at Versailles Go to Versailles in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Architecture French architecture Europe France The Conventicle Act restricts worship in England to Anglican churches if more than a few people are present Go to Clarendon code in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain Peter Stuyvesant accepts the reality of the military situation and yields New Amsterdam to the British without a shot being fired Go to Stuyvesant, Peter (1610–72) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America British empire Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1665	The first recorded attempt at blood transfusion, at the Royal Society in London, proves that the idea is feasible Go to Royal Society in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Science Medicine British Isles Europe Britain The Five Mile Act prevents Nonconformist ministers in England from coming closer than five miles to any town where they have ministered Go to Clarendon code in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain The Great Plague of London causes as many as 7000 deaths in a week and perhaps a total of 100,000 by the end of the year Go to Great Plague (1664–65) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Social and domestic British Isles Europe Society Britain A new Danish constitution (the Kongeloven or King's Law) makes the monarchy hereditary and grants the king absolute power Go to Lex Regia/Kongeloven in The Oxford Companion to the Book (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe Denmark Isaac Newton spends a creative period in Lincolnshire, at home in Woolsthorpe Manor, apples or no apples Go to Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Science Physics British Isles Europe Britain
1666	New Amsterdam is renamed New York by the recently established English regime Go to New York (USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America British empire Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States The Great Fire of London rages for four days, destroying 13,200 houses and 81 churches Go to London, fire of (1666) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Social and domestic British Isles Europe Society Britain
1667	Michiel de Ruyter sails up the Thames to destroy much of the English fleet at its base in the Medway Go to Ruyter, Michiel Adrianszoon de (1607–76) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 War British Isles Europe Netherlands Britain The first successful human blood transfusion is achieved in Paris by Jean Baptiste Denis, apparently saving the life of a 15-year-old boy Go to transfusion in Concise Medical Dictionary (8 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Medicine Europe France Bernini's great curving colonnade is completed, to form the piazza in front of St Peter's Go to Bernini, Gian Lorenzo (1598–1680) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Architecture Italian architecture Europe Italy French dramatist Jean Racine's first great success, Andromaque, finds tragic drama in a quadrangle of love Go to Racine, Jean in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Theatre Literature French literature Drama Europe France Paradise Lost is published, earning its author John Milton just £10 Go to Paradise Lost in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English Poetry British Isles Europe Britain Wood-carver Grinling Gibbons arrives from Holland to begin an immensely successful career in England Go to Gibbons, Grinling (1648–1721) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Britain 1500-1750 Arts Sculpture British art British Isles Europe Britain In the treaty of Breda, England keeps New Amsterdam and New Netherland, and Holland keeps the English-held territory of Surinam Go to Anglo‐Dutch Wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America South America North America United States
1668	The Jesuits establish a mission at Sault Sainte Marie which becomes the starting point for French exploration south of the Great Lakes Go to Sault Sainte Marie (Canada, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Monasticism European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires North America Canada England's East India Company is granted a lease on Bombay by Charles II, who has received it from his Portuguese bride Go to Catherine of Braganza (1638–1705) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Portuguese empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Society Empires Spain finally accepts the independence of the kingdom of Portugal, after nearly a century of Spanish rule Go to Portugal in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Europe Portugal Spain The Bank of Sweden is founded, and survives today as the world's oldest bank Go to Sweden (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Commerce and industry Europe Society
c. 1669	The duke of York, heir to the English and Scottish thrones, is secretly received into the Roman Catholic church Go to James II (1633–1701) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Robert de La Salle makes his first exploration of the Ohio valley, providing the basis for France's later claim to the area Go to La Salle, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de (1643–87) in The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires North America United States Samuel Pepys ends his diary, after only writing it for nine years Go to Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English British Isles Europe Britain
c. 1670	The Dutch develop a new pattern of middle-class urban life and architecture, later copied in England Go to United Provinces of the Netherlands in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Architecture Social and domestic Europe Netherlands Society Members of the Sakaida Kakiemon family are producing exquisitely decorated porcelain ware in Japan Go to Kakiemon in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Arts Decorative arts Asia East Asia Japan
1672	Giovanni Domenico Cassini, working in the Paris royal observatory, calculates the distance from the earth to the sun and is only 7% out Go to Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625–1712) in A Dictionary of Astronomy (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Astronomy and space Europe France Charles II issues a Declaration of Indulgence, suspending the restrictions on Catholics and Nonconformists Go to Declarations of Indulgence in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Isaac Newton's experiments with the prism demonstrate the link between wavelength and colour in light Go to Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Science Physics British Isles Europe Britain
1673	The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb begins building the great Badshahi Mosque in Lahore Go to Aurangzeb Sixth emperor of Mughal India (1658–1707) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Architecture Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan Empires Molière falls fatally ill when acting in his own play Le Malade Imaginaire Go to Molière (1622–73) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Theatre Literature French literature Drama Europe France Sébastien de Vauban's new technique for conducting the siege of a town shows its effectiveness at Maastricht Go to Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre, seigneur de (1633–1707) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: War Europe France Parliament in England passes a Test Act excluding Catholics and Nonconformists from public office Go to Test Act in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1674	The Dutch scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek builds a microscope powerful enough for him to observe and describe the red corpuscles in blood See this event in other timelines: Science Life sciences Europe Netherlands Samuel Sewall begins a diary of daily life in Boston, Massachusetts, that will span a period of more than fifty years Go to Sewall, Samuel (1652–1730) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature American literature Literature in English Politics Conquest and colonization Social and domestic Society North America United States
c. 1675	Dutch traders purchase Kakiemon wares in Japan for import to the Netherlands Go to Kakiemon in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Arts Decorative arts Commerce and industry Asia East Asia Japan Europe Netherlands Society Christiaan Huygens, inventor of the pendulum clock, now develops the hairspring - of great future importance in watches Go to Huygens, Christiaan (1629–95) in A Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Technology Inventions and discoveries Europe Netherlands The double-hung sash window is introduced in England and soon spreads to Holland Go to double-hung sashes in A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Architecture Europe Netherlands A sudden uprising by the Wampanoag Indians against the new England settlements begins the conflict known as King Philip's War Go to King Philip's War (1675–76) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization War American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1676	Ole Roemer, a Danish astronomer working with Cassini in Paris, calculates the speed of light with an error of only 25% Go to Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625–1712) in A Dictionary of Astronomy (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Physics Europe Denmark France
1677	With his powerful new microscope Leeuwenhoek observes spermatozoa in the semen of a dog See this event in other timelines: Science Life sciences Europe Netherlands Baruch Spinoza's Ethics, dealing with God, the mind and the emotions, is published shortly after his death Go to Spinoza, Benedictus de (1632–77) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature Philosophy Europe Netherlands
1678	The Popish Plot, an invented Jesuit conspiracy to kill Charles II, results in the execution of about thirty-five Roman Catholics Go to Popish Plot (1678) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Part I of The Pilgrim's Progress, written during John Bunyan's two spells in Bedford Gaol, is published and is immediately popular Go to Pilgrim's Progress in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English British Isles Europe Britain Christiaan Huygens expounds the theory that light consists of a vibration forming a ripple of waves Go to Huygens, Christiaan (1629–95) in A Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Science Physics Europe Netherlands
1679	The rival political parties in Britain find abusive names for each other - Whigs and Tories Go to Tory in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Democracy and dissent British Isles Europe Britain 19-year-old Alessandro Scarlatti has a great success in Rome with Gli Equivoci nel Sembiante, the first of his 115 operas Go to Scarlatti, Alessandro (1660–1725) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Music Opera Rome Europe Italy
c. 1680	The English clockmaker Thomas Tompion is the first to make successful use of the hairspring in pocket watches Go to Tompion, Thomas in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Technology Inventions and discoveries British Isles Europe Britain Feudal labour laws demanding corvée (compulsory unpaid labour) are imposed by the Habsburgs on the Czech peasants of Bohemia Go to Bohemia in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Habsburgs Politics Social and domestic Austria Society Empires Louis XIV persecutes the Huguenots by means of dragonnades - the billetting of unruly dragoons in the homes of villagers Go to Dragonnades in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Europe France The Pueblo Indians of New Mexico rise against the Spanish, killing 21 missionaries and some 400 colonists Go to Pueblo Revolt in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Protest and rebellion American Indians Latin America North America United States Ireland becomes the first European region in which the potato is an important food crop Go to Ireland in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Social and domestic British Isles Europe Ireland Society Britain A comet intrigues Edmund Halley, who works out that it has been around before Go to Halley, Edmund (1656–1742) in A Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Science Astronomy and space British Isles Europe Britain
1681	The Canal du Midi is completed in France, including at one point a 160-metre tunnel through high ground Go to Rivers, Canals, and Inland Waterways in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Canals Technology Engineering Europe France Society A professional ballet company in Paris introduces female dancers and the world's first prima ballerina, Mlle de Lafontaine Go to Lafontaine, Mlle de (1655) in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Dance Europe France Charles II grants William Penn the charter for the region that becomes Pennsylvania, in settlement of a debt to Penn's father Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1682	Robert de la Salle travels down the Mississippi to its mouth and claims the entire region for France, naming it Louisiana Go to La Salle, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de (1643–87) in The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires North America United States William Penn approves the Great Law, allowing complete freedom of religious belief in Pennsylvania Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States William Penn achieves peace for Pennsylvania by negotiating a treaty with the local Lenape (or Delaware) tribes Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1683	The emperor, Leopold I, and his court abandon Vienna on the approach of a Turkish army Go to Leopold I (1640–1705) in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Austrian empire Habsburgs War Turks Austria Empires Mennonites and other from Germany (later known as the Pennsylvania Dutch) begin to settle in Penn's liberal colony Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States The Qing emperor orders all Chinese men to shave their heads, leaving only a long pigtail Go to Qing in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Social and domestic Asia East Asia China Society The Turks are driven from the walls of Vienna by the Polish king John Sobieski, in what proves a historic turning point Go to John III (1624–96) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Austrian empire Habsburgs War Turks Europe Austria Poland Empires
1685	James II succeeds to the throne in Britain and immediately introduces pro-Catholic policies Go to James II (1633–1701) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Denis Papin, a French scientist working in England, demonstrates a pressure cooker fitted with a safety valve Go to Pressure Cookers in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Technology Inventions and discoveries British Isles Europe Britain 400,000 Huguenots leave France after Louis XIV deprives them of their rights by revoking the Edict of Nantes Go to Nantes, Edict of (1598) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Europe France
1686	English naturalist John Ray begins publication of his Historia Plantarum, classifying some 18,600 plants in 'mutual fertility' species Go to Ray, John (1607–1705) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Science Life sciences British Isles Europe Britain
1687	Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, proving gravity to be a constant in all physical systems Go to Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Science Physics British Isles Europe Britain The Hungarian diet grants the Habsburg dynasty in Austria a hereditary right to the crown of St Stephen Go to Leopold I (1640–1705) in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe Austria Hungary Empires
1688	A son (the future 'Old Pretender') is born to James II, giving Britain a Catholic heir to the throne Go to James II (1633–1701) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Aphra Behn's novel Oroonoko makes an early protest against the inhumanity of the African slave trade Go to Behn, Mrs Afra (1640–89) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Slavery British Isles Europe Society Britain Sébastien de Vauban's socket bayonet is introduced in the French army Go to Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre, seigneur de (1633–1707) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Weapons Europe France English grandees invite William III of Orange and his wife Mary, daughter of James II, to claim the British throne Go to William III (1650–1702) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Netherlands Rulers and politicians Britain William III of Orange lands with an army at Torbay and marches to London with almost no opposition from supporters of James II Go to William III (1650–1702) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1689	Parliament in Westminster makes the restrictive Bill of Rights the condition on which William III and Mary II are crowned Go to Bill of Rights (1689) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain James II, landing in Ireland, is acclaimed as king in Dublin by enthusiastic Irish Catholics Go to James II (1633–1701) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Ireland Britain A Grand Alliance against France is formed by almost all the other powers in Europe Go to Grand Alliance in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics The 17-year-old Peter the Great becomes co-tsar of Russia with his half-brother Ivan V Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe Russia Young gentlewomen in Chelsea give the first performance of Purcell's Dido and Aeneas Go to Purcell, Henry (1659–95) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Britain 1500-1750 Performing arts Music Opera British Isles Europe Britain
c. 1690	France by now has six fortified trading settlements around the coast of India, of which Pondicherry is the most important Go to Pondicherry (India) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 French empire Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Society Empires The armies of James II and William III confront each at the river Boyne, with victory going to William Go to Boyne, Battle of the (1 July 1690) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: War Battles British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Chinoiserie becomes the new craze in Europe, after Jesuit reports of the Chinese civilization Go to chinoiserie in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Arts Decorative arts Asia East Asia China The French scientist Denis Papin, while professor of mathematics at Marburg, develops the first steam engine to use a piston Go to Papin, Denis (1647–c.1712) in The New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Steam Technology Germany The Church of Scotland finally wins recognition as an independent Presbyterian body Go to Presbyterianism noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Scotland British Isles Europe Britain John Strong, landing on some remote Atlantic islands, names them after Viscount Falkland, treasurer of the British navy Go to Falkland Islands in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America South America John Locke publishes his Essay concerning Human Understanding, arguing that all knowledge is based on experience Go to Locke, John (1632–1704) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Literature English literature Literature in English Philosophy British Isles Europe Britain
1692	Government soldiers, mainly Campbells, massacre their MacDonald hosts in Glencoe Go to Glencoe massacre in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Scotland British Isles Europe Britain The Massachusetts town of Salem is gripped by witch-hunting hysteria Go to Salem witch trials (1692) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Persecution and repression Social and domestic Society North America United States Twenty people convicted of witchcraft are hanged in Salem, and one is pressed to death Go to Salem witch trials (1692) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Persecution and repression Social and domestic Society North America United States
1693	Gold is found in Brazil, launching the first great American gold rush Go to Brazil (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Commerce and industry Society Latin America Brazil South America
1694	The Bank of England is founded and soon becomes the central banker for England's many private banks Go to Bank of England in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Commerce and industry British Isles Europe Society Britain The joint monarch of England, Mary II, dies - leaving her husband, William III, to reign alone Go to William III (1650–1702) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1695	The first teacher of the virtuoso harpsichordist Domenico Scarlatti is his father, Alessandro Go to Scarlatti, Domenico (1685–1757) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Music Europe Italy
1696	Peter the Great makes an unexpected raid down the river Don and captures Azov from the Crimean Tatars Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Europe Russia Empires Fort St William is built by the East India Company in the Ganges delta, and subsequently develops into Calcutta Go to Calcutta in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Society Empires
1697	The Russian tsar, Peter I, studies western European technology, working as a ship's carpenter in Dutch and English shipyards Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Technology British Isles Europe Netherlands Russia Britain In his opera La Caduta de' Decemviri, Alessandro Scarlatti introduces a new form of prelude, later known as the Italian overture, which is an important stage in the development of the symphony Go to Scarlatti, Alessandro (1660–1725) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Baroque Music Opera Europe Italy In the Treaty of Rijswijk, Spain cedes the western half of Hispaniola to France, which names its new colony Saint-Domingue Go to Haiti in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 French empire Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean
1698	A fleet from Oman evicts the Portuguese from Mombasa and Zanzibar Go to Mombasa in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires Thomas Savery creates the first practical steam engine, designed to pump water out of mines Go to Savery, Thomas (c. 1650–1715) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1500-1750 Steam Technology Engineering British Isles Europe Britain A maker of harpsichords in Florence, Bartolomeo Cristofori, develops the piano ('soft') and forte ('loud') feature which leads to the piano Go to Cristofori, Bartolomeo (4 May 1655) in The Oxford Companion to Music (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Performing arts Music Technology Inventions and discoveries Florence Europe Italy Scotland makes a disastrous attempt to establish a colony in Darien, on the isthmus of Panama Go to Darien venture in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America Central America Peter the Great makes a symbolic gesture of reform in trimming his boyars' beards Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Politics Europe Russia
1699	The tenth Sikh guru, Gobind Rai, commits his people to the five Ks, which become the outward signs of their group identity Go to Five Ks in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Religion Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent)
c. 1700	Holland and England are now producing the magnificent ocean-going merchant vessels known as East Indiamen Go to East Indiamen in The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Travel and transport British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Belgium Netherlands Society Empires Britain Charles II, the childless king of Spain. leaves all his territories to Philip of Anjou, a grandson of the French king, Louis XIV Go to Philip V (1683–1746) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe Spain Poland, Russia and Denmark attack Sweden, beginning the 21-year Northern War Go to Great Northern War in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century War Europe Denmark Poland Russia Peter the Great sets up numerous schools and commercial enterprises to enable Russia to compete in Europe Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Commerce and industry Europe Russia Society Boston merchant Samuel Sewall publishes The Selling of Joseph, a very early anti-slavery tract Go to Sewall, Samuel (1652–1730) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Literature American literature Literature in English Slavery Society North America United States

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date: 12 October 2024

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