
Abortion Debates and Science Reference library
Tracy A. Weitz and Carole Joffe
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
The longstanding abortion conflict in the United States (U.S.) is generally understood as a debate between religious-based morality claims about

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Reference library
Paul D. Brinkman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
Founded in 1812 in Philadelphia—then the commercial and scientific hub of the United States—the Academy of Natural Sciences is America’s

Advertising, Medical Reference library
David Herzberg
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
Medical advertising, or the commercial marketing of medical goods and services, has a long history in America despite the health

Agassiz, Louis (1807–1873) Reference library
Mary Pickard Winsor and Elspeth Knewstubb
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
Born in Switzerland, Agassiz was educated at the universities of Zurich, Heidelberg, and Munich. He earned degrees from the University

Agricultural Education and Extension Reference library
Roy V. Scott
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
The system of agricultural education and extension consists of the land-grant colleges with their associated agricultural experiment stations and cooperative

Agricultural Experiment Stations Reference library
Barbara A. Kimmelman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
By the 1880s, industrialization and urbanization in America were generating increasing demands for farm products, whereas the plains and western

Agricultural Technology Reference library
Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
In 1790, roughly 90 percent of the U.S. population resided in rural areas and most made their living as

Agriculture, U.S. Department of Reference library
Richard C. Sawyer
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) was established in 1862. The first commissioner of agriculture, Isaac Newton, organized the

Airplanes and Air Transport Reference library
Richard P. Hallion
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
The invention of the airplane by Wilbur and Orville Wright in 1903 fulfilled the ancient dream of human flight. However,

Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse Reference library
Sarah W. Tracy
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
Alcohol looms large in American history, and attitudes toward it have been linked to myriad reformist causes; reflected many social

Alvarez, Luis Walter (1911–1988) Reference library
Catherine Westfall
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
Alvarez, whose family had roots in Spain as well as Ireland, was born in San Francisco, California. Thanks to the

Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia Reference library
Jesse F. Ballenger
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
In contemporary medicine, dementia denotes a clinical syndrome involving the significant deterioration of cognitive abilities such as memory, language, and

American Association for the Advancement of Science Reference library
Sally Gregory Kohlstedt
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) was founded in 1848 to facilitate communication among scientists and to

American Association for the History of Medicine Reference library
Christopher Crenner
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
The American Association for the History of Medicine (AAHM) is the principal academic society for the history of medicine in

American Institute of Physics Reference library
H. Frederick Dylla and R. Joseph Anderson
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
The American Institute of Physics (AIP) is a not-for-profit umbrella organization comprising 10 Member Societies—leading professional societies in physics and

American Medical Association Reference library
Elizabeth Toon
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
The American Medical Association (AMA) was formed in 1847 by elite physicians hoping to improve the stature of their profession.

American Museum of Natural History Reference library
Paul S. Boyer
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
Founded in New York City in 1869 at the initiative of Albert Smith Bickmore, a Harvard-trained zoologist, the American Museum

American Philosophical Society Reference library
Simon Baatz and Hugh Richard Slotten
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
Benjamin Franklin organized the American Philosophical Society (APS) in 1743, but failure to attract wider support led to its

American System of Manufactures Reference library
Lindy Biggs
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
American manufacturers stole the show at London’s 1851 Crystal Palace Exposition. Several American products especially impressed the British, among them

Amniocentesis Reference library
Ruth Schwartz Cowan
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
Amniocentesis literally means “to prick the amnion.” As a medical procedure, it was first developed in the 1930s to ease