Oxford Reference Browse

The longstanding abortion conflict in the United States (U.S.) is generally understood as a debate between religious-based morality claims about

Founded in 1812 in Philadelphia—then the commercial and scientific hub of the United States—the Academy of Natural Sciences is America’s

Medical advertising, or the commercial marketing of medical goods and services, has a long history in America despite the health

Born in Switzerland, Agassiz was educated at the universities of Zurich, Heidelberg, and Munich. He earned degrees from the University

The system of agricultural education and extension consists of the land-grant colleges with their associated agricultural experiment stations and cooperative

By the 1880s, industrialization and urbanization in America were generating increasing demands for farm products, whereas the plains and western

In 1790, roughly 90 percent of the U.S. population resided in rural areas and most made their living as

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) was established in 1862. The first commissioner of agriculture, Isaac Newton, organized the

The invention of the airplane by Wilbur and Orville Wright in 1903 fulfilled the ancient dream of human flight. However,

Alcohol looms large in American history, and attitudes toward it have been linked to myriad reformist causes; reflected many social

Alvarez, whose family had roots in Spain as well as Ireland, was born in San Francisco, California. Thanks to the

In contemporary medicine, dementia denotes a clinical syndrome involving the significant deterioration of cognitive abilities such as memory, language, and

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) was founded in 1848 to facilitate communication among scientists and to

The American Association for the History of Medicine (AAHM) is the principal academic society for the history of medicine in

The American Institute of Physics (AIP) is a not-for-profit umbrella organization comprising 10 Member Societies—leading professional societies in physics and

The American Medical Association (AMA) was formed in 1847 by elite physicians hoping to improve the stature of their profession.

Founded in New York City in 1869 at the initiative of Albert Smith Bickmore, a Harvard-trained zoologist, the American Museum

Benjamin Franklin organized the American Philosophical Society (APS) in 1743, but failure to attract wider support led to its

American manufacturers stole the show at London’s 1851 Crystal Palace Exposition. Several American products especially impressed the British, among them

Amniocentesis literally means “to prick the amnion.” As a medical procedure, it was first developed in the 1930s to ease