A. Sainte-Lagüe
French mathematician who in 1910 proposed the fairest system of apportionment of integer numbers of seats to each party in list systems of proportional representation with multimember seats. The ...
Abd al-Aziz Al-Sa'ud
(b. Riyadh, c. 1880; d. Taif, 9 Nov. 1953)Arabian; ruler of Nejd 1902–21, Sultan of Nejd 1921–32, King of Hijaz 1926–32, King of Saudi Arabia 1932–53 As a boy, Abd al-Aziz was exiled to Kuwait after ...
Abe Fortas
Associate Justice, 1965–69• Born: June 19, 1910, Memphis, Tenn.• Education: Southwestern College, B.A., 1930; Yale Law School, LL.B., 1933• Previous government service: assistant director, corporate ...
Aboriginal economic development
Since 1788 and the European colonisation of Australia, the continental population has grown rapidly and national income has increased, making Australia one of the world's rich or developed nations. ...
Aboriginal politics (historical)
Even though people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent constitute less than 2 per cent of Australia's population, their rights, status and circumstances have become major issues in ...
Accord
In full the Prices and Incomes Accord, was an agreement between the trade unions and the Labor governments of the 1980s. Its purpose was to prevent a wage explosion such ...
accountability
The requirement for representatives to answer to the represented on the disposal of their powers and duties, act upon criticisms or requirements made of them, and accept (some) responsibility for ...
ACOSS
The Australian Council of Social Service (ACOSS) is the national peak organisation for community welfare organisations in Australia. Since its establishment in 1956, ACOSS has fulfilled an advocacy ...
ACT chief ministers
The chief minister of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) is chosen by a secret ballot of members of the Legislative Assembly at its first meeting after an election. So far ...
act of Congress
An act of Congress is a bill that has passed both the House of Representatives and Senate and has been signed by the President or passed by a two-thirds vote ...
activist
The doctrine that action rather than theory is needed at some political juncture; an activist is therefore one who works to make change happen.
ACTU
The Australasian Congress of Trade Unions (ACTU) was established in Melbourne in May 1927 by a resolution of the All Australian Trade Union Congress, an interstate meeting of trade union ...
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.
(b. New Haven, Connecticut, 29 Nov. 1908; d. Miami, Florida, 4 Apr. 1972)US; member of the US House of Representatives 1945–66, 1969–70 Although Adam Clayton Powell was to become a flamboyant figure ...
Adam Michnik
(b. Warsaw, 17 Oct. 1946)Polish; dissident 1967–89, member of Sejm 1989–91 Michnik was born into a Jewish family. In his early years he was a Marxist who hoped that the Communist system in Poland ...
additional member system
Any system of proportional representation in which a set of representatives is chosen to supplement those chosen by some other route in such a way that the house, overall, is proportionately ...
adjournment, congressional
Adjournment is the way in which Congress goes out of session. Whenever the House or Senate adjourns, it formally ends a legislative day. The next time that chamber reconvenes, it ...
administration of federal courts
The Supreme Court is in charge of the administration of the federal judicial system. The chief justice and associate justices participate in the work of the Judicial Conference of the ...
Adolfo Suárez González
(b. 25 Sept. 1932).Prime Minister of Spain 1976–81 Born in Cebreros (Avila), he received a doctorate degree in law from the University of Madrid, and rose quickly in the bureaucracy of the Franco ...
Adult education
The adult education movement began in the early 1800s to meet the desire of working men and women for some form of learning. Prior to World War II, most working‐class ...
adversary politics
Term coined by S. E. Finer in his edited book Adversary Politics and Electoral Reform (1975) for the British parliamentary system, which he characterized as ‘a stand‐up fight between two adversaries ...
