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Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr  

Reference type:
Overview Page
Subject:
Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
(1756–1836)US Democratic Republican statesman. After losing the presidential election to Jefferson in 1800, Burr was elected Vice-President. He was defeated in the contest for the governorship of New ...
abacus

abacus  

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Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
An ancient device for performing arithmetic calculations by sliding beads along rods or in grooves. Despite the spread of electronic calculators and computers, the abacus is still widely used in the ...
‘Abd Al-Jabbar, Qadi

‘Abd Al-Jabbar, Qadi (c.325–415)   Reference library

The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
Philosophy, Religion
Length:
1,197 words

‘Abd al-Jabbar b. Ahmad b. Khalil was born in Asadabad, a town in the southwest of Hamadan, probably around 325

‘Abdu, Muhammad

‘Abdu, Muhammad (1849–1905)   Reference library

The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
Philosophy, Religion
Length:
397 words

Muhammad ‘Abdu was born in 1849 in lower Egypt and received a traditional religious education at home, in Tanta and

abduction

abduction  

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Overview Page
Subject:
Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
An inference process widely used in artificial intelligence, particularly in expert systems and rule-based systems. In diagnosis, for example, there may be a rule like “if measles then red spots” so ...
Abortion

Abortion   Reference library

William Loader

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Ethics

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2015
Subject:
Religion, Philosophy
Length:
2,355 words

There are no references to intentionally induced abortion in the Bible. The closest possible allusion is in Numbers 5:11–30,

abortion

abortion  

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Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
There is no actual prohibition in the Bible against aborting a foetus. Nevertheless, in the unanimously accepted Jewish consensus, abortion is a very serious offence, though foeticide is not treated ...
Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln  

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Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
(1809–65)US Republican statesman, 16th President of the USA (1861–65). His election as President on an anti‐slavery platform antipathetic to the interests of the southern states helped precipitate ...
Abu Hanifa, Numan b. Sabit

Abu Hanifa, Numan b. Sabit (80–150)   Reference library

The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
Philosophy, Religion
Length:
760 words

Numan b. Sabit b. Zuta b. Mah, known as Imam al-A‘zam (the Greatest Imam), was born in Kufa in 80

Abu Ja‘far al-Ahwal, Muhammad b. al-Nu‘man

Abu Ja‘far al-Ahwal, Muhammad b. al-Nu‘man (after 183)   Reference library

The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
Philosophy, Religion
Length:
845 words

Abu Ja‘far Muhammad (b. ‘Ali) b. al-Nu‘man al-Bajali al-Kufi al-Sayrafi, Imami theologian, was probably born in the first quarter of

academies

academies  

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Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
Are societies or institutions for the cultivation and promotion of literature, the arts or science, or of some particular branch of science such as medicine, for example, the Académie de ...
Acanthus

Acanthus  

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Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
(family Acanthaceae)A genus of shrubs and perennial herbs, most of which are xeromorphic and have spiny leaves. Some species are cultivated as ornamentals. The upper lip of the corolla is lacking. ...
acrostic

acrostic  

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Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
A poem, word puzzle, or other composition in which certain letters in each line form a word or words. The word is recorded from the late 16th century, and comes via French from Greek akrostikhis, ...
Adivar, Abdülhak Adnan

Adivar, Abdülhak Adnan (1882–1955)   Reference library

The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
Philosophy, Religion
Length:
715 words

Adnan Adivar was born in Gallipoli (Gelibolu) in 1882 and died in Istanbul on 1 July 1955. His lineage

adoption

adoption  

Reference type:
Overview Page
Subject:
Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
In the heroic monomyth, the divine child is often adopted by menials or animals after being abandoned or threatened in some way. Oedipus, Sigurd (Siegfried), Krishna, Cybele, and Romulus and Remus ...
advertising

advertising  

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Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
A communication that is paid for by an identified sponsor with the object of promoting ideas, goods, or services. It is intended to persuade and sometimes to inform. The two basic aspects of ...
Afdal al-Din

Afdal al-Din (610)   Reference library

The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
Philosophy, Religion
Length:
472 words

Afdal al-Din Muhammad ibn Hasan Kashani is familiarly known in Iran as Baba Afdal, or ‘Papa Afdal’, a name that

Afghani, Seyyed Jamaluddin

Afghani, Seyyed Jamaluddin (1838–96)   Reference library

The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
Philosophy, Religion
Length:
1,162 words

Seyyed Jamaluddin Afghani was undoubtedly one of the most influential Muslims of the twentieth century. Some consider him to be

African Languages

African Languages  

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Overview Page
Subject:
Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
The African continent forms one of the most complex linguistic areas of the world; estimates of the number of languages spoken there range from seven hundred to three thousand. Barely ...
age

age  

Reference type:
Overview Page
Subject:
Archaeology, Art & Architecture, Classical studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Media studies, Music, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion, Society and culture
The duration of time a person has lived. Age is conventionally defined from the time of birth, which counts as zero, and is measured in completed years of life. For some purposes, age is measured ...

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