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A graphic means of displaying a *frequency distribution of quantitative data. Blocks proportional in width to the size of the categories are raised along the horizontal axis. The height of each block is then adjusted so that its area is proportional to the relative frequency of its category. The chart appears as a series of bars of varying height, as in the hypothetical example in the first figure, which shows the number of births in a hospital for each day of the week....

The implications of the sociocultural movement “nothing about us without us” in regard to the field of Deaf education reminds us that there are ethical questions of social and linguistic oppression by society within the day-to-day experiences of deaf children. As a marginalized community of 22 million Deaf and hard-of-hearing people in the United States, differences in experience are not based on ethnicity, gender, religion, or race but rather on language access, particularly biological sensory pathways (auditory, visual, or both)....

A causal model is an abstract representation of real-world dynamics that attempts to describe the causal and other relationships, among a set of variables. The best-known form of causal modelling is ...

On January 8, 2021, 2 days after the U.S. Capitol attack, Inside Higher Education published “The Capitol Riots: A Failure to Educate,” an article in which journalist Colleen Flaherty expressed a desperate need to rectify the education system. Flaherty questions the mission of higher education, its focus on teaching only a Western perspective, and its record of dismissing racial inequities. It also interrogates higher education’s disconnect from local communities’ struggles for social justice and contemporary events, ultimately failing to raise critical consciousness among students and dissuading civic responsibility to dismantle structural inequalities. Flaherty’s piece centralizes education “at the heart of what went wrong in Washington,” but it also sees education as the “tunnel through which the U.S. can exit [this] dark place” (...

Groups of humanitarian organizations (UN and non-UN) working in the main sectors of humanitarian action. In 2005, the UN

Contingency tables, often referred to as cross-classifications or cross-tabulations, describe and analyse the relationship between two or more *variables...

A statistical method for analysing cross-tabulated data by finding a geometrical representation of the structures of the table. Such tables might combine, for example, social class and music preference. The rows and columns of the table are depicted as clouds of points in a multidimensional space, one point for each row or column, as shown in the Figure. Well-known applications of correspondence analysis are the diagrams presented by ...

As Luke has written, “Critical literacy is the use of texts to analyze and transform relations of cultural, social, and political power” (...

Large sections of this article are drawn from a 2018 published book by the author, Inside Indian Schools: The Enigma of Equity and Quality...

A model developed by David Snowden of Cognitive Edge to facilitate sense-making in organizations. The model divides processes and systems

This entry contains six subentries: Ancient Near East; Hebrew Bible; Greek World; Roman World; New

A graphic representation of the different phases in disaster management, also known as the disaster management cycle or the emergency

There is a widespread view of Japanese education, one widespread among both scholars and the general public, that persists even today: Japanese students’ academic performance is among the highest among advanced countries even while the distribution of academic disparities within the population is among the lowest, while, at the same time, educational opportunities for upper secondary and tertiary education are among the highest in the world and higher levels of education are widely available to young people, despite relatively small public investments. This image of Japanese education peaked in the 1980s, a time when Japan’s educational system was regarded as one of the highest in quality anywhere in the world. It was at this time that Japan became the envy of many nations worldwide for its combination of efficiency and equality. ...

This article begins with a brief history of China’s ethnic minority groups—the growth in their numbers and the change in their legal status—since the country was founded in ...

A scenario model used to describe the combinations of possible occurrences in a system which can result in an undesirable

In many cultures certain spaces, in particular those associated with bodily functions and personal hygiene, are sex-segregated. As such they show women and men in supposedly stereotypical silhouette, i.e. women ‘wearing’ a dress or skirt and men in ‘trousers’ to clarify this segregation, for example regarding toilets. This symbol relies on a binary distinction between women and men. This can be problematic for trans- and intersex people who may identify as women or men but present as people of the ‘opposite’ sex....

China’s current education system encompasses pre-school education (xueqianban), primary education (xiaoxue), junior (or lower) secondary education (...

From the 1990s onward, the twin focuses of the international debate on education in Africa have been on improving both the quality of education and the access to basic (primary and early secondary) education. We witnessed the problems of African children not being able to go to school due to reasons of poverty or ill-health, or not being able to study satisfactorily even if they went to school due to deficient classrooms, study materials, or teacher ability. Such issues were reported via various media throughout the world, and people argued that the world should come together to lend support, in order to safeguard education, a fundamental right for all....

As several authors have already indicated (Caride Gómez, 2004; Pérez Serrano, 2003; Petrus, 1989; Quintana Cabanas, 1992, 1995), since the 1980s, there has been a resurgence of social pedagogy in Spain (largely influenced by German social pedagogy), thus initiating a series of great contributions to the theoretical understanding and social questions being investigated within the field, and which continue to the present day. From an educational perspective...

The evolution of human beings over the course of centuries has been possible because humans are social beings. They live in societies, share a common habitat, solve problems together, fight together for survival and for their own wellbeing. They share cultures and a specific way of living and being in the world. For this reason, the concepts of ...