Albert VII of Austria
(also Albert the Pious; 1559–1621), governor-general and then sovereign ruler of the Netherlands.Son of Emperor Maximilian II and Maria (daughter of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal), ...
Antonio Moro
(c.1516/20–1576/7),Dutch portrait painter usually known by the Spanish version of his name, born in Utrecht, where he trained in the studio of Jan van Scorel. His access to the ...
Austria
The resurgence of the far right has abated and Austria has returned to consensus politicsAustria is one of Western Europe's most mountainous countries. The western two-thirds of the country fall ...
Bayern
With Saxony (see Sachsen) the only Freistaat of the Federal Republik (see Bundesrepublik Deutschland) and the largest state in area, is predominantly Catholic. Bavaria was one of the early German ...
Charles IX
(1550–74),King of France, was the second son of King Henri II and Catherine de Médicis; before his accession he was known as duke of Orléans. In 1560, aged 10 ...
Diet
(from medieval Latin, ‘a meeting for a single day’)A meeting of estates or representatives, or even a legislative assembly. The representatives of the German States in the Holy Roman Empire (and the ...
Emanuel Geibel
(Lübeck, 1815–84, Lübeck),son of a pastor, was already a fertile poet in his schooldays. He studied at Bonn and Berlin universities, making the acquaintance of most of the literary ...
Ferdinand I
(1503–1564), King of Hungary and Bohemia, later Holy Roman Emperor.Ferdinand laid both the administrative and territorial foundations of the Habsburg empire in central and east central Europe. Born ...
German gardens
The Renaissance garden in Germany is confined to the few years between 1590 and the outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1618; it was stimulated during this period both ...
Girolamo Mercuriale
(1530–1603),Italian physician, born in Forlì. He studied medicine in Bologna and Pavia, and then worked as a physician in Rome. He subsequently taught at Padua and, after a period ...
Giuseppe Arcimboldo
(b ?Milan, c.1527; d Milan, 11 July 1593).Milanese painter and designer, famous for his allegorical or symbolical ‘portraits’ in which he arranged objects such as fruits and vegetables into the form ...
Heidelberg Catechism
(1562), the Protestant confession of faith prepared at the behest of the Elector Friedrich III by Zacharias Ursinus and Kaspar Olevian (1536–87) and published on 19 January 1563. Later in ...
Hermann Lingg
(Lindau, 1820–1905, Munich),became a medical officer in the Bavarian army in 1846, resigned his commission in 1851 and settled in Munich, where he devoted himself to writing poetry. He ...
Jacopo Strada
(c.1515–1588),Italian artist and antiquarian. He was born into a Netherlandish family in Mantua and moved in the late 1540s to Augsburg, where he lived in the house of Johan ...
Jan Joriszoon van der Schardt
(c.1530–after 1581),Netherlandish sculptor, born in Nijmegen. He lived in Italy in the 1560s, and in 1569 entered the service of Maximilian II in Vienna. In the early 1570s he ...
Joachim Camerarius
(1500–74),German humanist, born in Bamberg and educated at Leipzig, where he studied Greek. He moved to Wittenberg, where he became the friend and biographer of Melanchthon. In 1524 he ...
Johann Friedrich II
(1529–95),Duke of Saxony, born in Torgau on 8 January 1529, the eldest son of Johann Friedrich I, elector of Saxony. During his father's imprisonment (1547–52) he administered the remaining ...
Joseph Nasi
(c.1520–1579),Portuguese banker and statesman. He was born into a marrano family, and as a young man left Portugal for Antwerp, where he founded a bank. He subsequently lived in ...
Ludwig Helmbold
(Mühlhausen, 1532–98, Mühlhausen),was crowned poet (see Gekrönter Dichter) by the Emperor Maximilian II in 1566. He wrote Latin poetry, and hymns in German, including ‘Ich weiß, daß mein Erlöser ...
Ludwig II, King of Bavaria
(b Nymphenburg, 1845; d Lake Starnberg, 1886).Succeeded his father, Maximilian II, in 1864. Was passionate admirer of Wagner's mus., becoming his generous patron, buying him houses, and planning to ...
