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Birmingham
City in West Midlands, Eng., with splendid mus. tradition. Fest. was held there triennially, with occasional breaks, from 1768 to 1912. Costa cond., 1849–82; Mendelssohn's Elijah f.p. 1846 and ...
Charles II
(1630–85),king of England, Ireland, and Scotland (acceded 1649, restored 1660–85). Charles received his practical education in 1648–51 when he learnt how to adapt to rapidly changing circumstances, ...
Clarendon code
The title given, inaccurately, to the statutes passed after the Restoration re‐establishing the Church of England. They embodied the vindictiveness of the cavalier majority in Parliament rather than ...
commission of Array
This was a means of raising local troops. The commissions instructed individuals to raise troops in their area and were first issued by Edward I. Parliament succeeded in obtaining a number of ...
Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington
(c.1579–1652).Cottington was a Somerset gentleman who became a leading minister before the Civil War. He was first employed by James I in Spanish matters, knew the country well, and ...
George Goring
(1608–57).Royalist commander in the Civil War. Despite being universally disliked, George, Lord Goring, rose high in the king's service. He was first under Newcastle in Yorkshire and gained a notable ...
George Savile, Lord Halifax
Marquess of (1633–95)Politician and writer, a powerful influence in the court of Charles II, known for the moderation and avoidance of extremes he advocates in his Character of a ...
Gilbert Sheldon
(1598–1677), Abp. of Canterbury from 1663. In 1660 he became Bp. of London and Master of the Savoy, and in 1661 the Savoy Conference met at his lodgings. As Archbishop he worked for the ...
Henrietta Maria
(1609–69)Daughter of Henry IV of France, queen consort of Charles I of England (1625–49). Her Roman Catholicism heightened public anxieties about the court's religious sympathies and was a ...
Henry Cromwell
(1628–74).Oliver's fourth son. Captain of horse at 19, he rose to command his own cavalry regiment in his father's expeditionary force to Ireland in 1650. He stayed on there ...
James II
King of England and Ireland, James VII of Scotland, b. 14 Oct. 1633, 2nd s. of Charles I and Henrietta Maria; acc. 6 Feb. 1685; deemed to have abdic. 11 Dec. 1688; m. (1) Anne, da. of Edward Hyde ...
John Bastwick
(1593–1654).Bastwick was an indefatigable opponent of Laud and the bishops. Born in Essex, he went to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and then practised as a physician. In the 1630s he ...
John Lambert
(1619–83)English major‐general. He rose to prominence as a Roundhead officer during the English Civil War. He accompanied Cromwell as second‐in‐command on the invasion of Scotland (1650). He ...
John Selden
(1584–1654)English lawyer, historian, and antiquary. Although not a Puritan, he used his knowledge of the law on Parliament's behalf in its conflicts with Charles I, and was repeatedly imprisoned. A ...
Lucius Cary, Lord Falkland
(1610–43).Falkland was educated in Ireland, where his father was viceroy, but settled at Great Tew, outside Oxford. This became, in the words of Clarendon, ‘a university bound in a lesser volume’. ...
Mary II
(1662–94),queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689–94). Mary was the elder daughter of James, duke of York, by his first wife Anne Hyde, daughter of the earl of Clarendon, Charles II's first ...
2nd Earl of Arundel, Thomas Howard
(b Finchingfield, Essex, 7 July 1585; d Padua, 4 Oct. 1646).English diplomat, collector, and patron. Apart from Charles I, he was the greatest English collector of his time. His knowledge of art was ...
prime minister
The modern office of prime minister developed over several centuries. Medieval and early modern monarchs often had chief ministers who wielded vast power—men such as Cardinal Morton in Henry VII's ...
public schools
During the Middle Ages, the grammar school provided education for poor scholars intended for the church and for the sons of noblemen. This included such schools as Eton and Winchester. By the 18th ...
Richard Talbot Tyrconnel, 1st Earl
(I)(1630–91).Talbot, a younger son from Co. Kildare, fought for the king in the 1640s and escaped from the destruction of Drogheda in 1649. In the 1650s he was appointed a groom of the bedchamber to ...
