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analysis by synthesis
A recognition process in which hypotheses are formulated and compared with input data until one of the hypotheses produces a match. This is how experienced crossword-puzzle solvers often identify ...
constructivism
Many cognitive psychologists now believe that humans learn most effectively where new information can be assimilated with previously held knowledge. This philosophy of learning is known as ...
direct perception
A theory of (mainly visual) perception, developed by the US psychologist James Jerome Gibson (1904–79) over a period of more than three decades, according to which the flux of light (called the ...
emergence
The creation of new phenomena, requiring new laws and principles, at each level of organization of a complex, and often non-linear, system. This concept from physics has been applied to ...
hollow-face illusion
A concave mask or mould of a human face that looks like a normal convex face when viewed from a distance of about 150 centimetres or more and seems to turn to follow the viewer's movements. The ...
impression formation
The rapid creation of a unified perception or understanding of the character or personality of another person on the basis of a large number of diverse characteristics. One of the main problems in ...
indirect perception
An approach to perception associated with psychologists Gregory and Rock, in which it is conceptualized as a very active cognitive process of meaning-making (see also constructivism). The emphasis is ...
information processing
1. (computing) Performing operations on input data in a sequence of functional steps, transforming it into different output data in accordance with a specific goal.2. (cognitive psychology) A model ...
perceptual cycle
Neisser's model of perception as a cyclical process in which top-down processing and bottom-up processing drive each other in turn. To be purely data-driven we'd need to be mindless automatons; to be ...
rhizome
A botanical term indicating subterranean stems such as bulbs, tubers and couchgrass, with a multiple, lateral, and circular system of ramification, different from roots and radicles which tend to ...
salience
In perception and cognition, what stands out most prominently. This may involve both bottom-up processes driven by sensory data, and top-down processes driven by individual factors. All things being ...
sensory data
The physical effects of the external world on our subjective senses (raw sensory stimuli) which are selectively filtered through attention. In constructivist theory, these are the basic building ...
systems theory
An interdisciplinary approach that analyses structures as interrelated webs of interacting parts performing particular functions. See also bottom-up processing; communication network; cybernetics; ...
top-down processing
Information processing that proceeds from information already stored in memory, especially general assumptions or presuppositions about the material being processed, as when a person forms a ...
