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Abraham IbnEzra
(c.1089–1164).Jewish philosopher, poet, and biblical commentator. He wrote both secular and religious poetry, commentaries on all the books of the Bible (those to the early prophets, Chronicles, ...
Abu Yusuf Ya ʿqub al- Mansur
(c. 1160–1199), Almohad caliph.Abu Yusuf Yaʿqub al-Mansur (“the Victorious”) became Almohad caliph in 1184 after his father’s death. His ambition to expand his Andalusian kingdom was thwarted by the ...
al- Mansur
[Arabic, ‘the victorious’] The title taken by Muhammad ibn Abi Amir (938–1002), a gifted, ruthless politician who took al-Andalus to the apogee of its power but undermined the Umayyad dynasty.[...]
Al-Andalus Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
The rapid Arab conquest of the Iberian Peninsula during the eighth century benefitted from the weakened state of the Visigothic
al-Andalus Reference library
The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
Arabic name given to the geographical area of the Iberian Peninsula that came under Muslim control in the MA, from
Algarve
Southernmost region of present-day Portugal, stretching from the mouth of the Guadiana river in the east to Cape St Vincent in the west. Its history reaches back to antiquity. Its ...
aljama
Derived from the Arabic al-jamaa, meaning ‘the gathering’ or ‘the assembly’, the term aljama denotes a self-governing Jewish or Muslim community in the medieval Iberian Peninsula (al-Andalus). It has ...
Andalusia
Southernmost province of modern Spain whose name derives from the Arabic term for the Iberian Peninsula, much of which was under Arab-Islamic rule between 711 and 1492. This rule extended ...
Arabic medicine in the Latin West
Medical texts had been written in Arabic in the Islamic world by Christian, Jewish, and Muslim doctors from the late 8th century onwards. The earliest translations of these medical works ...
Arabs
Ancient tribes and peoples who lived in, and around the modern Arabian peninsula. Herodotus was acquainted with the Arabs of southern Palestine and the Sinai, and mentions the Arabs of the incense ...
art and architecture: Almoravid
The Almoravids (al-Murabitun in Arabic) ruled Morocco and al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) between c.1062 and 1150. Due to the Almoravids’ adherence to the conservative Malikite school of Islamic law, their ...
barrels
Wooden containers made with staves of oak and beech and with hoops made of hazelnut or chestnut. Coopers fabricated barrels by bending the staves while heating them by a wood ...
Battle of Guadalete
The battle of Guadalete, fought in southern Spain most likely in the year 711, witnessed the decisive defeat of the Visigothic forces by Muslim invaders. This brief statement is uncontroversial ...
Battle of Zallaqah
At the battle of Zallaqah ( 23 October 1086; alternate spellings Zalaca, Zallaqa, Zallaka; also known as the battle of Sagrajas), an Almoravid army led by the emir Yusuf ibn ...
Burgos
Located on the banks of the Arlanzón river (Castile), the city began as a military outpost in the 880s. Strategically placed, its castle kept a watch for Muslim raids. By ...
Caliphate of Córdoba
Umayyad and Ḥammūdid DynastiesLévi-Provençal, E., Histoire de l'Espagne musulmane (3 vols., Paris, 1950–67).Scales, P. C., The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba (Leiden, 1994).756–788‛Abd al-Raḥmān I ...
Castile
A region of central Spain, on the central plateau of the Iberian peninsula, formerly an independent Spanish kingdom. The marriage of Isabella of Castile to Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 linked these ...
Charles Martel
(c. 688–741)(French, martel, ‘hammer’) Frankish leader. He was the son of Pepin II, ‘mayor of the palace’ under Merovingian rule. He gained control of the Austrasian province and defeated the ...
concejo
[Latin, concilium] An Iberian municipal council that governed the town and its outlying district. The concejo developed from early frontier settlement charters, called cartas pueblas, which ...
Córdoba
A city in Andalusia, southern Spain. Founded by the Carthaginians, it was under Moorish rule from 711 to 1236, and as capital of the most powerful of the Arab states in Spain, it was a centre of ...
