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A. A. Milne
(1882–1956)British writer, noted especially for his ever-popular children's books and his plays.After attending Westminster School and reading mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, Milne found ...

Adah Isaacs Menken
(1835–69), actress.Although her real name was later given variously as Ada McCord, Adelaide McCord, and Dolores Adios Fuertes, this flamboyant, controversial performer, who was the most famous of all ...

Adam Bede
A novel by G. Eliot, published 1859.The action takes place at the close of the 18th cent. Hetty Sorrel, pretty, vain, and self‐centred, niece of the genial farmer Martin Poyser, is loved by Adam ...

adaptation
The process of making a work of art upon the basis of elements provided by an earlier work in a different, usually literary, medium; also the secondary work thus produced. Literary works have been ...

Adelaide Ann Procter
(1825–1864) British poet and campaigner for women's rightsLegends and Lyrics [1st series; 2nd series, 1861] (1858) PoetryThe Victoria Regia (1861) AnthologyA Chaplet of Verses (1862) PoetryLegends ...

Adelphi Theatre
A theatre on the Strand, London, in what is now the West End. Originally the Sans Pareil, it opened as the Adelphi in 1818. Rebuilt in 1858, 1901, and 1930 ...

Albert Smith
(1816–60)English performer and writer who began his career as a journalist, contributor to Punch, and author of theatrical extravaganzas. His 1850 performance The Overland Mail initiated a series of ...

Albery Theatre
London, in St Martin's Lane, seating 900, built for Charles Wyndham, who opened it in 1903 as the New Theatre with a revival of Parker and Carson's Rosemary, after which ...

American Conservatory Theatre
(ACT)Founded in 1965 in Pittsburgh by director William Ball, it moved the following year to Stanford University before finding a permanent home at San Francisco's Geary Theater in 1967 ...

American Notes for General Circulation
Travel account by Dickens, published in 1842. Dickens visited the U.S. (Jan.–May 1842) in a tour that took him from Boston and New York to Canada and as far west as St. Louis. His book is almost ...

Angus Wilson
(1913–1991)British writer. He was knighted in 1980.Angus Wilson was born in England but spent part of his childhood in South Africa, his mother's homeland, before completing his education at ...

Antoine Galland
(1646–1715)French translator and orientalist. His Mille et une nuits (1704–17) was the first translation into a European language of the Arabic Thousand and One Nights (see Arabian Nights ...

Astley's Amphitheatre
A theatrical entertainment, regarded as the first modern circus, founded in London in 1770 by the English theatrical manager and former soldier Philip Astley (1742–1814). By 1798 he was allowed to ...

audience participation
1. Any active involvement of audience members in a live public performance, whether or not planned as part of the performance.2. The involvement of audience members in a broadcast programme—primarily ...

Barkis
In Charles Dickens's David Copperfield, the carrier who is the suitor of David's nurse Peggotty, to whom he sends the message ‘Barkis is willin'.’

Barnaby Rudge
A novel by Dickens published in 1841 as part of Master Humphrey's Clock. The earlier of Dickens's two historical novels, it is set at the period of the Gordon anti‐popery riots of 1780, and Lord ...

Barry Cornwall
(1787–1874),enjoyed success as a writer of songs and lyrics. His works include Dramatic Scenes (1819); Marcian Collona (1820); Mirandola (1821), a dramatic work; and English Songs (1832). He also ...

Barry Jackson
(1879–1961)English director and manager. Trained as an architect, Jackson was heir to a fortune derived from one of the leading grocery firms in the Midlands. In 1907 he founded ...

Battle of Life
Dickens's fourth Christmas book, written in Switzerland in 1846 while he was also at work on Dombey. He found great difficulty in writing it, and the result was, of all ...

benefit
The twentieth century saw a shift away from the traditional benefit performance that dates back to the late seventeenth century and provided additional income for individuals (actors, managers, ...