Bernicia
The kingdom of Bernicia was formed in the fifth century by Anglo-Saxon settlers around the rivers Tyne and Wear, and expanded rapidly, mainly at the expense of its Celtic neighbours, the Votadini, towards the Forth, and Rheged in the north-west around Carlisle and southern Galloway. It then began rivalry with the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Deira to the south, which it absorbed in the seventh century. As the united kingdom of Northumbria it became briefly an important power, but the resistance of Mercia to the south and the devastating effects of Viking raids in the ninth century prevented further advance.... ...
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