Espionage, Economic and Industrial.
Espionage is the stealing of secrets and is conventionally associated with military conflict. But commercial organizations also have their secrets and their theft is a form of espionage—industrial espionage. Economic espionage is a less common term and refers to the threat to national security posed by the theft of commercial secrets; such theft undermines not the military strength of a country, but its economic competitiveness. United States export controls to prevent the flow of high technology information to the Soviet bloc during the cold war deftly confused economic with military threat in the notion of dual-use technology (technology with both civilian and military application), a notion that nicely included the Japanese in the military threat to the United States.... ...
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