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This entry comprises two articles. The introductory article provides a discussion of the origins and phylogeny of HIV; the companion

Adaptation refers to the many properties of organisms that enable those organisms to stay alive and reproduce. Adaptation is one

This entry comprises two articles. The first article provides an account of the times and places of earliest centers of

Alarm calls are highly conspicuous vocalizations given by animals when they encounter a predator. In some bird species, alarm calls

What are algae? Such a simple question, but there is no simple answer. Algae are important, ubiquitous, and diverse; they

Alloparental care is parentlike behavior that is typically performed by individuals that are not the parent of the recipient. The

Altruism is a form of cooperation (i.e., an act that enhances the fitness of others), but it is distinguished from

Amphibians are named for their two-phased life consisting of larva and adult. Typically the larva is aquatic and metamorphoses into

The first recovery of DNA from preserved biological remains dates to 1984, when Russ Higuchi and his colleagues isolated

The Metazoa (equals animals) is one of the great kingdoms of life. Estimates of the current numbers of living animal

This entry comprises three articles:

The first article

Apoptosis, programmed or physiological cell death, is an active self-killing process of cells that regulates cell number and tissue architecture,

The earliest archaeological sites on earth, dating to around the same time as the earliest fossils of the genus Homo

This entry comprises two articles. The introductory article is a wide-ranging overview of art in human prehistory that discusses its

Arthropods (hexapods, myriapods, crustaceans, and chelicerates) are triploblastic Metazoa characterized by a segmented, hardened, chitinous cuticular exoskeleton and paired, jointed

Evolution in nature is characterized by many levels of hierarchy, including the gene, the individual, the population, and the ecosystem.

The term “artificial selection” is generally applied to situations in which humans deliberately mold the features of another species by

Assortative mating may be defined as mating based on similarity or difference between the characteristics of the partners. Positive assortative

Atavisms are the reappearances in individual members of a species of characters once possessed by all the members of an

Although they are generally much smaller than can be distinguished by the human eye, microbes are almost everywhere: from rocks