
Abortion Reference library
Carole R. McCann
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
The legal status of abortion in the United States has undergone dramatic shifts, while its practice has been consistent. Throughout

Addams, Jane Reference library
Louise W. Knight
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
(1860–1935), Progressive Era political activist. Jane Addams was one of the nation’s most admired and effective

Adolescence Reference library
Miriam Forman-Brunell
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
The modern concept of “adolescence”—the word comes from the Latin adolescere, meaning “to grow up”—dates back to an early

Adoption Reference library
Ellen Herman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
Since ancient times and in all human cultures, children have been transferred from adults who would not or could not

Affirmative Action Reference library
Matthew Dallek and Paul S. Boyer
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
The term “affirmative action” first appeared in a legislative context in the 1935 National Labor Relations Act and was later

African American Emigration Reference library
Winston James
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
Two powerful and recurring motifs have marked the African American experience in the United States, resistance and flight: resistance

African Americans Reference library
Joe W. Trotter Jr.
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
The African American community has its roots in the great migration of peoples from the Old World to the New.

African Immigrants, Recent Reference library
John A. Arthur
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
By the early twenty-first century, Africans had a full presence in the new global migration circuits. According to the U.S.

Alaska Reference library
John Radzilowski
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
Alaska was purchased by the United States in 1867 from Russia. It had been a Russian colony since being claimed

Alcatraz Island, Occupation of (1969) Reference library
Kent Blansett
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
On 20 November 1969, more than eighty American Indians from the organization Indians of All Tribes (IAT) claimed Alcatraz,

Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse Reference library
Sarah W. Tracy
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
Alcohol looms large in American history, and attitudes toward it have been linked to myriad reformist causes, have reflected many

Aliens during Wartime Reference library
Stephen Mak
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
The wartime experience of aliens—or noncitizens—in the United States has varied considerably since the country’s independence from Great Britain: America’s

Allen, Richard Reference library
Richard Newman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
(1760–1831), founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Richard Allen was born in 1760, probably

American Association of Retired Persons Reference library
W. Andrew Achenbaum
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) arose out of an effort by a prominent Los Angeles high school principal

American Indian Movement Reference library
Larry Burt
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
Of the various forms of ethnic and racial nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s, the American Indian Movement

American Legion Reference library
Lynn Dumenil
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
The American Legion, an organization open to all military wartime veterans, was founded in 1919 by a handful of World

Americanization Movement Reference library
Diana Selig
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
The Americanization movement aimed to bring new immigrants into citizenship and to acculturate them to American society. It emerged in